International Chamber of Commerce: Historic Members
Contents
- Note on ICC names here
- North America
- Great Britain
- Netherlands
- Italy
- Sweden
- Denmark
- Germany
- Belgium
- France
- Luxembourg
- Poland
- Japan
- Remaining
Note on ICC names here
Apart from regular biographical information, the sources gathered in many of the biographies here were used to write ISGP's ICC article.
North American ICC names
Aldrich, Winthrop W. | Source(s): 1936 CCI document, 'Incoterms 1936', p. 1 (library.iccwbo.org/pdf/Incoterms_1936.pdf: (accessed Sep. 27, 2022): "Bureau de la C.C.I.: ... Presidents Honoraries: Winthrop W. Aldrich..."; 1938 national committee list (member U.S. committee); June 1949, '12th Congress of the International Chamber of Commerce' document (honorary president). Son of Senator Nelson Aldrich, who helped the Rockefeller, Morgan, Schiff and Warburg banking families establish the Federal Reserve in 1913. Winthrop's sister Abby married John D. Rockefeller Jr., making Winthrop the uncle of Nelson Rockefeller and the brother-in-law of John D. Rockefeller, Jr. Senior legal executive to Equitable Trust Company from about 1919, secretly representing the largest shareholder, John D. Rockefeller, Sr., followed in 1921 by John D. Rockefeller, Jr. Member CFR 1926-. Member Pilgrims Society from about 1939, followed by positions as vice president and a member of the executive committee. When Equitable Trust merged with Chase National Bank in 1930, the Rockefellers became majority shareholders in Chase. President of Chase National Bank 1930-1934, chair 1934-1953 (John J. McCloy took over as chair of Chase in 1953, also became chair of the CFR and became David Rockefeller's mentor in both). Member, vice president and exec. committee Pilgrims Society from about 1940. |
Baldwin, E. Arthur | Source(s): 1938 national committee list (alternate member U.S. committee); Feb. 26, 1933, International Herald Tribune (all that is available): "...Commerce luncheon [in Paris] were: Eugene Schneider, Maurice Lewandowski, E. Arthur Baldwin, Colonel William N. Taylor, Theodore Rousseau, Edward A. Sumner, Pierre..." 1874-1947. President for Europe, International General Electric. President of the American Chamber of Commerce 1934-1937. 2000 (1976 original), Antony Sutton, 'Wall Street and the Rise of Hitler': "There were four American directors of A.E.G. (Baldwin, Swope, Minor, and Clark), which was 80 percent owned by International General Electric. ... By 1930, unknown to the German financial press, General Electric had similarly gained an effective technical monopoly of the Soviet electrical industry and was soon to penetrate even the remaining bastions in Germany, particularly the Siemens group. In January 1930 three G.E. men were elected to the board of A.E.G. — Clark H. Minor, Gerard Swope, and E. H. Baldwin — and International General Electric (I.G.E.) continued its moves to merge the world electrical industry into a giant cartel under Wall Street control. In February General Electric focused on the remaining German electrical giant, Siemens & Halske, and while able to obtain a large block of debentures issued on behalf of the German firm by Dillon, Read of New York, G.E. was not able to gain participation or directors on the Siemens board. While the German press recognized even this limited control as" an historical economic event of the first order and an important step toward a future world electric trust,"11 Siemens retained its independence from General Electric — and this independence is important for our story. ... |
Bedford, Alfred Cotton "A.C." | Source(s): Aug. 1920, Advocate of Peace (international relations journal founded in 1837), p. 278, 'The International Chamber of Commerce': "At the meeting held in Paris, in the latter part of June at which 450 delegates from Belgium, Great Britain, France, Italy, and the United States were present, an International Chamber of Commerce was organized, with Etienne Clementel ... as president. ... A. C. Bedford, of the Standard Oil Company ... is the American, Baron Edouard Empain the Belgian, A. J. Hobson the British, and Victorio Rolandi Ricci the Italian vice-president."; Oct. 1, 1920, New York Times, 'A.C. Bedford Goes to Paris; To Attend Organization Meeting of International Chamber of Commerce'; 1925, '5th annual meeting of the American Committee of the International Chamber of Commerce' (president); 1959 version (1938 original), George L. Ridgeway (associate professor of history, Wells College), 'Merchants of Peace' (1959 version contained the foreword of Carnegie Endowment president James T. Shotwell), pp. 30, 38, 60: "American businessmen had taken the lead in proposing the organization of the International Chamber of Commerce by summoning the International Trade Conference early in 1919... The plans for launching collective action by Allied business interests in European reconstruction were germinated at a meeting of the permanent organization committee of the prewar International Congress of Chambers of Commerce held in Paris in the spring of 1919. A group of American businessmen, including E. A. Filene, E. G. Miner, T. W. Lamont, A. C. Bedford, and E. H. Goodwin, laid the plan before leaders and organizations in Belgium, France, Great Britain, and Italy. It was accordingly determined that the United States Chamber of Commerce should invite representatives from each of these countries to come to the United States to discuss these problems with American businessmen Filene, Lamont, and Bedford earned on negotiations in Pans with Georges Pascalis, the president of the Chamber of Commerce of Pans and the chairman of the Board of Presidents of French Chambers of Commerce, with Etienne Clementel... A. C. Bedford, the president of the ICC and president of the American Chamber..." 1863-1925. Son of Alfred Bedford (1834-1912). Older brother with the name Henry Edward Bedford (1860-1932). His (alleged, as the geneology is unclear) uncle, E.T. Bedford, was a co-founder of Standard Oil. Another uncle, F.H. Bedford also was involved in Standard Oil, ultimately as a director. "A.C." himself was an employee of the Rockefellers' Standard Oil of New Jersey 1882-, treasurer 1882-, president and CEO 1916-1917, chair and CEO 1917-1925. Member Pilgrims Society by 1920, until his death in 1925. 2003 draft paper on the website of Harvard Business School (hbs.edu), Richard S. Tedlow, Courtney Purrington and Kim Eric Bettcher, 'The American CEO in the Twentieth Century: Demography and Career Path', p. 31: "IV. A. Alfred C. Bedford, Standard Oil of New Jersey: ... Edward Thomas "E.T." Bedford (1849-1931): Older son of church deacon and wood carver Frederick Thomas Bedford (1823-1904), whose most famous carving was the portrait of King Henry VII. The Bedford family moved from London to Brooklyn in 1848. E.T. Bedford met John D. Rockefeller Sr. while living in Brooklyn. By 1880 the managing partner in Thompson and Bedford Company, a vaseline company that also served as the eastern-selling agent of John D. Rockefeller's Standard Oil. Director of Standard Oil 1903-. Director Bank State of New York. Director Manufacturers' Trust. After he left the oil business, E.T. bought the New York Glucose Trust and turned it into the Corn Products Company/Refining, which he headed. Brands he owned included Karo, Mazola, Skippy and Hellmann's. In 1923 he donated the first YMCA building in CT. Died in 1931. June 1, 1931, Time, 'Business: Father & Son': "Frederick Thomas Bedford, 50, last week mourned the death of his father, Edward Thomas Bedford, 82. Between them there was deep family affection. For the late E. T. Bedford was president of Corn Products Refining Co. and his son was president of its smaller but potent rival, Penick & Ford Ltd., Inc. [E.T.] received late training (after 40) in the hard school that was old Standard Oil. Rockefeller, Pratt, Archbold and Rogers were among his teachers in that school. Frederick Henry Bedford (1854-1931): Younger son of church deacon and wood carver Frederick Thomas Bedford. Member Pilgrims Society by 1907, until his death in 1931. Vice president of Standard Oil of New Jersey in charge of lubrication business. His son was Frederick Henry Bedford Jr., the president of Standard Alcohol. Nov. 21, 1932, Time, 'Business & Finance: Personnel: Nov. 21, 1932': "Frederick Henry Bedford Jr. was elected president of Standard Alcohol Co., a new concern formed to handle Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey's manufacture of alcohol from petroleum. ... Mr. Bedford is a director of Standard Oil Co. (New Jersey). His father was vice president of the company in charge of its lubrication business. His uncle was the late Edward Thomas ["E.T."] Bedford, founder & head of Corn Products Refining. He is not to be confused with his cousin Frederick Thomas Bedford, president of Penick & Ford, Ltd. Dr. Rush Rhees, president of University of Rochester, was elected to the board of Eastman Kodak Co., filling the vacancy caused by the death of his good friend George Eastman." Standard Oil's Società Italo Americana pel Petrolio with regard to Mussolini: exxonmobil.it/il-gruppo/chi-siamo/la-nostra-storia (accessed: Jan. 8, 2023): "Established in Venice in 1891 as a bearer share company, with the purpose of trading in oil and the like, Esso Italiana initially took the name of Societa Italo Americana pel Petrolio (SIAP). 1971, H. M. Larson a. o., 'New Horizons, 1927-1950: History of Standard Oil Company (New Jersey)', p. 336: "[Standard Oil of New] Jersey's principal affiliate in Italy was its wholly owned Societa Italo-Americana pel Petrolio, which in 1928 supplied nearly half of Italy's gasoline and kerosine and large percentages of other major products. The Italian government in 1934 assumed extensive control of the oil industry and established importing and refining quotas. Because Jersey's affiliates in Italy engaged in a little producing and refining as well as marketing, they were able to take advantage of tariff and license regulations which favored the importation of crude as against products. In that country as in France and Germany, the drive for local supplies to provide for a possible emergency became intense. [74] Jan. 1936, issue 1, 'Philippine Teacher: A Periodical for Philippine Progress', p. 50: "Reported from Paris that Britain and France have given Mussolini another chance to accept peace proposals before an oil embargo is adopted based on proposals, previously rejected by him, including putting Ethiopia under an international mandate with Italy holding the dominant share, plus an exchange of territory between Italy and Ethiopia which would give the latter an outlet to the sea. 1939, Anton Zischka, 'Italien in der Welt', pp. 161-162 (translated from German): "So Mr. Rickett appeared at Mussolini's, and he was received because he had announced himself with a telegram which would have made anyone curious about the man who possessed so much impertinence. The telegram had simply ... the Italian government and the Societa Italo-Americana pel Petrolio, a subsidiary of Standard Oil, had reached a gentlemen's agreement on the basis of which the said company agreed to take all of Italy's goods after the oil embargo was imposed on Italy to supply the requested petroleum. In return, the Italian government gave them a 30-year monopoly on the Italian market. The oil destined for delivery to Italy would be taken from wells located outside the United States (delivery from Romania via Hungary-Austria and from the Far East with direct delivery to Eritrea and Somaliland). It is also reported that the Standard Oil Company, through its subsidiary, has promised the Italian government a loan of one billion gold lire to pay for oil supplies. The agreement is to come into force at the time the oil embago is proclaimed by the League of Nations. The report was of course immediately denied, from Rome and London as well as from New York, but still more and more tankers with Standard petroleum came to Italy, the warehouses filled up again, the danger of the oil squeeze seemed averted, and it was averted too, without costing Italy any concessions, because in order to maintain the monopoly, the Americans supplied whatever Mussolini wanted (1). 1937 annual complation of issues, The Journal of Negro History, p. 168: "Oil has been revealed as one of the chief villains of the Ethiopian drama. Mussolini is not fighting for a desert waste. On August 31, 1935, the public was astounded by the news of the Rickett concession, whereby vast oil areas were sold to Anglo-American interests by Ethiopia. Francis M. Rickett, a British promoter, communicated to the Associated Press that Emperor Haile Selassie, seeking to stop an expected Italian advance into Ethiopia, deeded more than half his empire to Anglo-American interests for exploitation and development. The grant embraced an area of 150,000 square miles (more than the combined areas of Indiana, Illinois and Iowa) to the Standard Oil Company and British industrial interests under a 75-year charter. The charter authorized its holders to exploit the oil and mineral resources and develop the country. The significance of the Rickett concession will be discussed below. We are merely calling attention to the fact that Mussolini was aware of the presence of oil in large quantities in the section of Ethiopia outlined in the Rickett concession; hence, his conquest of Ethiopia." Sep. 10, Kalgoorlie Miner, 'Rickett's Concession - 'Will be exploited'': "I can assure you that the concession will be exploited," said Mr. Rickett to a representative of the British Press Association, intimating his belief that American interests would find a way to carry on. He added that the concession lasts for 75 years and even the Hague Court could not upset it." 1936, World Affairs Interpreter: "President Roosevelt from his Hyde Park Home stated on September 4, 1935, that the cancellation of the Rickett concession was good evidence that "dollar diplomacy is no longer recognized by the American Government."" presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/excerpts-from-the-press-conference-141 (accessed: Jan. 8, 2023): "September 04, 1935. 2018 (English translation; 2015 original), Matthieu Auzanneau (foreword by Richard Heinberg), 'Oil, Power, and War: A Dark History', p. 143: "The Anglo-Iranian Oil Company ... consistently supplied the Italian Navy, and had refueled their ships that December, according to the New York Times, while Mussolini rejected the part of the Franco-British peace plan that pertained to him. [15]" 1939, Anton Zischka, 'Italien in der Welt', pp. 150-162 (depending on 1939 or 1941 version): "September 4, 1935, the visit of Presidents Walden and Dundas to Standard Oil; the oil people complained for a long time, but Secretary of State Hull [over 1933-1944] only replied that the government would not cover private interests. Five hours later, he announced that after a long effort, Standard Oil had been forced to give up its concession. A line became visible between the past and the present, between dollar politics and the New Deal. The concession document had become a worthless scrap of paper to Haile Selassie. For the Standard Oil people, however, while London was still fuming about the 'shameless profiteers' as well as the 'rapid Italian hordes', Mr. Rickett traveled to Rome. His concession gave him 5 years to start work and if Standard withdrew ... legally the concession was still valid. He could cede them to whoever he wished. So why not the closest prospects, the Italians? So Mr. Rickett appeared at Mussolini's, and he was received because he had announced his arrival with a telegram which would have made anyone curious about the man who possessed so much impertinence. The telegram had said simply: 'Why use a sword when a feather will do?' Rickett asserted nothing more and nothing less than that the Negus [Supreme Ethiopian Ruler Haile Selassie] knew defeat was inevitable, that he wanted to save face and not be beaten. Rickett himself and his backers believed that Italy would not win so easily, they believed that the realist Mussolini would be ready for business. Like most billionaires, they were quite unfamiliar with people and fame, honor and enthusiasm, honesty and open struggle. And it seems as if Mussolini did not first lecture them. It seems like he is pretending to play along. The danger of an oil boom had just become particularly obscure, and so at the beginning of December 1935 there was a new sensation: "United Press" reported from Rome, the Italian government and the Societa Italo Americana pel Petrolio, a subsidiary of the Standard Oil Company of New Jersey, had reached a gentlemen's agreement, on the basis of which the said company had declared its readiness after the imposition of the oil embargo to Italy with everything requested of it to supply petroleum. In return, the Italian government gave them a 30-year monopoly on the Italian market. The oil destined for delivery to Italy should be taken from wells located outside the United States (delivery from Romania via Hungary - Austria and from the Far East with direct delivery to Eritrea and Somaliland). The Standard Oil Company, through its subsidiary, is said to have pledged a billion gold lire [about $50 million at the time] loan to the Italian government to pay for oil supplies. The agreement is to come into force at the time the oil embago is proclaimed by the League of Nations. Dec. 29-30, 1938, Association of American Law Schools, 'Handbook of the Association of American Law Schools', p. 121: "There [in Liechtenstein], as in the United States the distinction between the natural person and the corporation, has not been drawn. The resultant effect upon government we see before us day by day. The totalitarian state which has shocked the conscience of America is the product of economic concentration through the corporation, but it is bringing about a better comprehension of the principles of democracy than we have had in fifty years. it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exxon (accessed: Jan. 8, 2023): "In 1941, following the outbreak of war with the United States [which would only be in December after Pearl Harbor], the company was seized [6 - Esso Italiana, Esso 115 years 1891-2006 - 115 years of history of Esso Italiana , DVD (preserved at the Fisogni Museum), B&C Publishing and Printing, 2006.] ; it will be returned to Standard only in 1946 [7 - Ibid.] , when it assumes the name of Standard Italo Americana Petroli." May 1, 1941, Congressional Record, p. A2054, Congressman Bernard J. Gehrmann of Wisconsin, 'Rockefeller's Anguish': "Fellow Americans, there are some burning questions to be answered in connection with Mr. Rockefeller's great anguish of spirit. When has his corporation and their subsidiaries ceased supplying gasoline and crude oil to the Axis partners? At any cost, Mr. Rockefeller? That implies a sacrifice of wordly goods in addition to our manhood. I suggest you take the initiative. How about the sales of Standard Oil and Humble? How about the shipments to the Axis from Humble's Aruba? What has been the activities of Standard Vacuum in the Orient in fueling the bombers of the Japanese aggressors so that they can murder thousands upon thousands of Chinese civilians in open cities? Does Mr. Rockefeller disclaim all liability in connection with the operation of Standard Societa Italo-Americana Pel Petrolio? We must concede that no profit is now being made by Mr. Rockefeller from Deutsch-Amerikanische Petroleum Gesellschaft. But why? Because of unfavorable exchange rate and difficulty of communication. Has this corporation been written off Standard's books? No. If we are to effectually help Britain and China and other countries -- and God knows we all hate Hitler and want to stop him -- then we must cease furnishing war supplies to the axis--not only as a government but as businessmen--and this includes Standard Oil and subsidiaries. ... |
Davis, Norman H. | Source(s): 1925, '5th annual meeting of the American Committee of the International Chamber of Commerce' (photocopy); 1959 (2nd version of 1938 original), George L. Ridgeway (associate professor of history, Wells College), 'Merchants of Peace' (the 1959 version contained the foreword of Carnegie Endowment president and ICC participant James T. Shotwell)', p. 31: "Although the United States Chamber of Commerce delegates [to the founding Atlantic City ICC meeting] were of an entirely unofficial character, the Secretary of the Treasury was represented by Norman H. Davis, who gave an address on international finance and trade recovery." Businessman who made millions of dollars in trade with Cuba 1902-1917, becoming close to J.P. Morgan partner Henry Pomeroy Davison and future CIA deputy director of operations Richard Bissell. Financial adviser to the Treasury secretary during World War I. Founding CFR director 1921-. Headed a commission of the League of Nations that negotiated the Klaipeda Convention in 1924. |
Jay, Nelson Dean | Source(s): : 1959 version (1938 original), George L. Ridgeway (associate professor of history, Wells College), 'Merchants of Peace' (1959 version contained the foreword of Carnegie Endowment president and ICC participant James T. Shotwell)': "The [ICC's] International Finance Committee appointed in accordance with the London resolutions of the International Chamber met on October 6, 1921... The United States sent E. H. Goodwin, Nelson Dean Jay, ... and Owen D Young..."; 1927 ICC, Report of the Trade Barriers Committee': "Council: America (United States of) - Members: John H. Fahey, Nelson Dean Jay, Owen D. Young. - Alternates: William Butterworth, Henry M. Robinson, Silas H. Strawn."; 1938 national committee list (member U.S. committee). Vice president First National Bank of Milwaukee 1910-1915. Manager bond department Guaranty Trust in New York City 1915-1919, in between serving in World War I as the general purchasing agent of the American Expeditionary Force under Chicago banker Gen. Charles G. Dawes (whose 1924 Dawes Plan restructured German reparations). Joined J.P. Morgan & Co., Paris in 1919, head 1920-1941, and again after WWII from 1945 to 1955 (then known as Morgan & Cie., Inc.). Director J.P. Morgan & Co., Inc. 1945-. Member CFR 1942-. Founding Bilderberg visitor in 1954. Visited Bilderberg a second and last time in May 1956. 2009, 'Americans in Paris: Life and Death under Nazi Occupation 1940-1944', p. 13: "Nelson Dean Jay, who had come to Paris during the Great War as an aide to General John Pershing. He had stayed on to work with J. P. Morgan’s Paris bank, Morgan & Cie, expanding its business from a convenience for expatriate American depositors into a major corporate investment house. Dean Jay and his wife, Anne Augustine, lived at 58 avenue Foch, just down the street from Dr Sumner Jackson. The couple entertained most of the prominent Americans, like Charles Lindbergh, IBM chairman Thomas Watson and Allen Dulles of the law firm Sullivan and Cromwell, who came to Paris between the wars." |
Haight, Charles S., Sr. | Source(s): 1938 national committee list (alternate member U.S. committee) Yale graduate in Law. Admiralty Expert and specialist on International Relations in Shipping. Worked at the law firm Haight, Griffin, Deming Gardner. Director of the United States Leather Company and the Maritime Association of the Port of New York. His grandson, Charles S. Haight Jr., became a judge and was a member of Yale Skull & Bones. |
Harriman, William Averell, | Source(s): 1921 U.S. national committee list. See Pilgrims Society membership list for bio. |
Heinz, H.J., II | Source(s): June 1949, '12th Congress of the International Chamber of Commerce' document: "Vice-Presidents: America (U.S. ...): Henry John Heinz II..."; 1984, 'The International Year Book and Statesmen's Who's Who', p. 269: "Heinz, Henry John II... Trustee... U.S. Council of the International Chamber of Commerce."; 1953 U.S. committee list. Founding and very long-time Bilderberg member, who was among David Rockefeller's closest friends. |
Hoover, Herbert | Source(s): 1921 U.S. national committee list; 1925, '5th annual meeting of the American Committee of the International Chamber of Commerce' (photocopy). U.S. commerce secretary 1921-1928. U.S. president 1929-1933. Member CFR 1938-. |
Kent, Fred I. | Source(s): 1938 national committee list (alternate member U.S. committee) Director of the Bankers Trust of New York from at least 1920 to 1941 (also repeatedly listed as vice president from 1920 on). Founding member CFR 1921-. |
Kissinger, Henry | Source(s): findit.library.yale.edu /catalog/digcoll:559654 (accessed: Jan. 9, 2023): "Henry A. Kissinger papers, part II > Series III. Post-Government Career > Speeches and writings > General > International Chamber of Commerce, Oct 6, 1978." Biography in other lists on this site. |
Lamont, Thomas W. | Source(s): 1959 version (1938 original), George L. Ridgeway (associate professor of history, Wells College), 'Merchants of Peace' (1959 version contained the foreword of Carnegie Endowment president James T. Shotwell)', pp. 30, 38 (see A.C. Bedford for citations); July 8, 1928, New York Times, 'Lamont Makes Plea to Business Men ... He Accepts a New Post: Heads American Committee of International Commerce Chamber': "Thomas W. Lamont of J.P. Morgan Co. has been appointed Chairman of the American Committee of the International Chamber of Commerce, succeeding Owen D. Young..." Secretary, treasurer and vice-president Bankers Trust Company 1903-1909. Member Pilgrims Society from at least 1908. Joined J.P. Morgan & Co. as a partner in 1911. Overseer at Harvard 1912-1925. Went to the 1919 Paris Peace Conference in the aftermath of World War I. Founding member CFR 1921-. |
McKittrick, Thomas H. | Source(s): Digital Who's Who: "Director American Chamber of Commerce, London, Eng., 1930-39; v. chmn. U.S. council International C. of C. [certainly 1950s]; first vice chairman committee on Monetary Relations, International C. of C., 1947; mem. advisory group to N.A.M. [National Association of Manufacturers] Committee on Internat. Economic Relations, 1947"; May 28, 1947 memo of "Le Chef du Department Politique Federal" (dodis.ch/2320 (accessed: May 30, 2022; photocopy)): "Mr. McKittrick is in Switzerland for a while. He will attend the Assembly of the International Chamber of Commerce, which will open at the beginning of June in Montreux."; 1959 version (1938 original), George L. Ridgeway (associate professor of history, Wells College), 'Merchants of Peace' (1959 version contained the foreword of Carnegie Endowment president and ICC participant James T. Shotwell)', p. 280: "In June 1952, the ICC issued a statement on monetary policy drafted by a commission of the world's leading hankers and financial experts. The chairman of the commission was Thomas H. McKittrick..."; Executive Committee of the United States Council of the International Chamber of Commerce: Chairman: Warren Lee Pierson; vice chairmen: Sigurd S. Larmon, Thomas H. McKittrick, Clarence B. Randall, James D. Zellerbach; Treasurer With [the Rockefeller-Stillman-controlled] National City Bank of N.Y. in N.Y. City, 1916, in Genoa, Italy, 1916-18; with Lee Higginson & Co. in N.Y. City, 1919-21; Higginson & Co., London, 1922-39, partner, 1924-39; president Bank for International Settlements (BIS), Basle, 1940-46; chmn. No. Paper & Pulp Works, Tallinn, Estonia, since 1935; vice president [the Rockefellers] Chase National Bank, N.Y., 1946-49, sr. v.p. since 1949; dir. Chase Bank since 1946. Member CFR 1943-; Member Pilgrims Society from at least 1954 (not on a 1948 list). |
Mellon, Andrew W. | Source(s): April 1930, U.S. Bureau of Internal Revenue, Treasury Department, Internal Revenue News bulletin, p. 3, 'Double Taxation': "Statement of Secretary of the Treasury Andrew W. Mellon at the hearing on the bill to reduce international double taxation before the Ways and Means Committee, Friday, February 28, 1930. ... "The outcome of these efforts was the adoption, by the Congress of the International Chamber of Commerce at Amsterdam, Jyly, 1929, of a uniform code of principles for eliminating double taxation.""; 1932, Mary Agnes Hamilton, 'In America To-day', p. 172: "Andrew W. Mellon, Secretary to the Treasury - Address before the Congress of the International Chamber of Commerce June 15, 1931."; 1946, Christensen Kirkpatrick, 'Running the Country', p. 631: "In the spring of 1931 the equally rugged individualism of Andrew W. Mellon assured the Congress of the International Chamber of Commerce that reductions in wages [due to the Great Depression, a President Hoover negotiation to try and prevent riots] would be avoided "at all costs." A couple of months later he reduced the wages of all employees of the Aluminum Company of America [Alcoa, a company owned by Andrew Mellon, with shares given to his brother upon Andrew becoming treasury secretary] by 10%." Robber baron who served as treasury secretary 1921-1932, under presidents Harding, Coolidge and Hoover. See his biographical details in ISGP's Pilgrims Society biographies. |
Minor, Clark H. | Source(s): 1938 national committee list (alternate member U.S. committee) Dist. mgr. Internat. Western Electric Co., 1912-15, acting fgn. sales mgr., N.Y.C., Central dist. mgr., Chgo., contract sales mgr. N.Y.C., 1915-16, organizer China Electric Co., Ltd., Pekin, China, 1918, European comml. mgr. Internat. Western Electric Co., London, 1921-24; vice president International General Electric Co., 1924-25, pres., 1925-45, chmn. exec. com., 1945-47. Member CFR 1933-. Member Pilgrims Society by 1936. Dir. Grace National Bank, Cathay Ins. Co.; chmn. bd. Courier Assos., Inc.; dir. Robert Appleby & Co., China Industries. Inc., Cathay Ins. Co., Andersen, Meyer & Co., Ltd. |
Peterson, Peter | Source(s): (chair U.S. council 1978-1979) Chair and CEO Lehman Brothers 1973-1984. Co-founder Blackstone Group in 1985, which held the mortgage on WTC 7 on 9/11. Member CFR 1970-, director 1973-1984, chair 1985–2007. Founding member Trilateral Commission from 1973 until about 1978. Member Pilgrims Society from at least 2002. Good friend of David Rockefeller and Henry Kissinger and a major superclass member involved in many NGOs. |
Reed, Philip D. | Source(s): 1936 CCI document, 'Incoterms 1936', p. 1 (library.iccwbo.org/pdf/Incoterms_1936.pdf: (accessed Sep. 27, 2022): "Bureau de la C.C.I.: ... Presidents Honoraries: ... Philip D. Reed, President de Conseil d'Aministration, General Electric..."; June 1949, '12th Congress of the International Chamber of Commerce' document (honorary president). President and CEO General Electric 1940-1942 and 1945-1959, chairman International General Electric 1945-1952. Member CFR 1942-. Legal consultant to the U.S. delegation to the 1945 United Nations Conference on International Organization in San Francisco, the founding UN conference. This led to Reed's ICC affiliation. Member ICC 1945-1975, president 1949-1951. Member of the Pilgrims Society from at least 1954 until his death in 1989. Director Federal Reserve Bank of New York 1959-1960, chair 1960-1965. Bohemian Grove camp Mandalay member by 1968. |
Rockefeller, David | Source(s): March 25, 1966 visitor of the ICC meeting in Essen, Germany (gettyimages.nl/detail/ nieuwsfoto's/during-the-annual-meeting-of-the-international-chamber-of-nieuwsfotos/1063477648 (accessed: Nov. 13, 2022). Part of the family that played a key role in setting up the ICC and CFR. Member CFR 1942-2017; chair 1970–1985, member 1942-1949, director 1949-1985. Member of the Pilgrims Society from at least 1948, with his father and brother John D. Rockefeller III already having joined in the 1930s. Key founder of Bilderberg in 1954. Key founder Trilateral Commission in 1973. |
Strawn, Silas H. | Source(s): 1927 ICC, Report of the Trade Barriers Committee': "Council: America (United States of) - Members: John H. Fahey, Nelson Dean Jay, Owen D. Young. - Alternates: William Butterworth, Henry M. Robinson, Silas H. Strawn." Partner in Winston & Strawn, Chicago. President United States Golf Association 1911-1912. Member CFR 1928-. President United States Chamber of Commerce during the early years of the Great Depression (lasted from 1929 to 1939). Strenuously opposed the extension of unemployment benefits to the unemployed. Chair Montgomery Ward. Trustee Northwestern University 1930-1946. |
Wadsworth, Eliot | Source(s): 1938 national committee list (member U.S. committee) A.B., Harvard, 1898. Boston lawyer. Member of Stone & Webster until 1916. Vice Chairman of the Central Committee and executive head in Washington of the American Red Cross, 1916-1919. Member of the May 1917-founded American Red Cross War Council under chairman Henry P. Davison, the chairman of J. P. Morgan & Co. Member Harvard University's board of overseers anno 1920. Chairman of the Executive Committee of the Harvard Endowment Fund Campaign anno 1920. President of the Harvard Alumni Association 1920-1921. Assistant secretary of the treasury for U.S. presidents Warren Harding and Calvin Coolidge 1921-1925, in both cases under robber baron Andrew W. Mellon (treasury secretary 1921-1932). Went back into private practice afterwards. Member CFR 1933-. Died in 1959. |
Watson, Thomas J. | Source(s): 1936 CCI document, 'Incoterms 1936', p. 1 (library.iccwbo.org/pdf/Incoterms_1936.pdf: (accessed Sep. 27, 2022): "Bureau de la C.C.I.: ... Presidents Honoraries: ... Thomas J. Watson, President, International Business Machines..."; June 1949, '12th Congress of the International Chamber of Commerce' document (honorary president). Member CFR 1924-. Member of the Pilgrims Society from at least 1933, with younger family members joining in later decades. Founder of IBM. July 6, 1937, New York Times, 'Atson Sends Hitler Notes of Gratitude; President of World Chamber Tells of Pride in High Honor and Praises Berlin's Hospitality': "The new American president of the International Chamber of Commerce, Thomas J. Watson, who recently received the Order of the German Eagle from Chancellor Adolf Hitler, sent him personal and official telegrams of gratitude for the reception the chamber received in Berlin." |
Young, Owen D. | Source(s): 1959 version (1938 original), George L. Ridgeway (associate professor of history, Wells College), 'Merchants of Peace' (1959 version contained the foreword of Carnegie Endowment president James T. Shotwell)', p. 75: "... the active leaders in the International Chamber were, in addition to Young..."; 1927 ICC, Report of the Trade Barriers Committee': "Council: America (United States of) - Members: John H. Fahey, Nelson Dean Jay, Owen D. Young. - Alternates: William Butterworth, Henry M. Robinson, Silas H. Strawn."; 1929 ICC brochure: "Council: America (United States of) - Members: John H. Fahey, Silas H. Strawn, Owen D. Young. - Alternates: William Butterworth, Robert E. Olds, Henry M. Robinson." Lawyer who became chief counsel to General Electric in 1912. Founder Radio Corporation of America (RCA) in 1919, under GE auspices, and first chair of RCA 1919-1929. Founding member CFR 1921-. Chair GE 1922-1939. Trustee Rockefeller Foundation 1928-. Director NY Fed 1923-1938, chair 1938-1940. Member of the Pilgrims Society from at least 1924. |
E.U. NAMES
British ICC names
Balfour, Baron Arthur | Source(s): 1923 chair ICC's Transport Group 1923, 1925, reported vice president. 1873-1957. Not to be confused with the prime minister (1902-1905) and foreign secretary (1916-1919) Sir Arthur Balfour: PM UK 1902-1905. Steel baron. Chairman of Arthur Balfour & Co Ltd and of C. Meadows & Co Ltd. President of the Association of British Chambers of Commerce 1923-1924. Chair Committee on Industry and Trade 1924-1928. Chair Advisory Council for Scientific and Industrial Research 1937-1957. President British Council 1947-1950. |
Ben, Sir Arthur Shirley | Source(s): 1921 ICC list: "British National Committee: ... Mr. Arthur J. Hobson ... Sir Arthur Shirley Benn, K.B.E." 1858-1937. Conservative MP who was a member of the House of Commons' Ammunition Committee during World War I. By 1920 a director of Equitable Trust of London, a bank whose New York headquarters was majority-owned by John D. Rockefeler Sr./Jr., with Rockefeller inlaw Wintrhop Aldrich (Pilgrims, ICC) serving as a key advisor to the bank until it was absorbed into the Rockefeller Chase National Bank. President of the Association of British Chambers of Commerce 1921-1925. Member Pilgrims Society at the time of the founding of the ICC in 1920. |
Firth, Sir Algernon | Source(s): 1921 ICC list: "British National Committee: ... Mr. Arthur J. Hobson ... Sir Arthur Shirley Benn, K.B.E., M.P., Director of the Equitable Trust of London. Sir Algernon F. Firth, Bart., T.F. Firth and Sons, Brighouse. Dr. Walter Leaf, President of the Institute of Bankers. Sir Felix Schuster, Bart., Director, National Provincial and Union Bank of England Ltd. Hon. J. G. Jenkins, Late Premier of South Australia. Mr. A. Barton Kent, Member of the Council, Federation of British Industries."; 1929, International Chamber of Commerce brochure, council members: "Great Britain - Members: Sir Algernon F. Firth ... Sir Felix Schuster ... Sir J. Sandeman Allen ... Alternates: Sir Geoffrey Clarke ... Sir Roland Nugent, Lord Luke of Pavenham..." An obscure manufacturer with a degree of politico-economic influence in the 1910s. Member Pilgrims Society at the time of the founding of the ICC in 1920. |
Kent, A. Barton Kent | Source(s): 1921 ICC list: "British National Committee: ... Mr. A. Barton Kent, Member of the Council, Federation of British Industries." Council member of the Federation of British Industries. Member Pilgrims Society at the time of the founding of the ICC in 1920. |
Leaf, Sir Walter | Source(s): 1921 ICC list: "British National Committee: ... Dr. Walter Leaf, President of the Institute of Bankers." Chairman of Westminster Bank from 1918 until his death in 1927. President of the Institute of Banking from 1918 to 1921, and was a member of the Pilgrims Society from at least 1924 on. A Cambridge Apostle and a member of the curious paranormal research group Society for Psychical Research. |
Luke of Pavenham, Lord | Source(s): 1929, International Chamber of Commerce brochure, council members: "Great Britain - Members: Sir Algernon F. Firth ... Sir Felix Schuster ... Sir J. Sandeman Allen ... Alternates: Sir Geoffrey Clarke ... Sir Roland Nugent, Lord Luke of Pavenham..." Second son of John Lawson Johnston, the founder of Bovril Ltd., a company that produced a thick and salty meat extract paste. Vice chair Bovril 1900-. Founding director Daily Express 1900-1917. Director of Lloyds Bank. During World War I he was a member of the Leather Control Board and chair of committees in the Raw Materials Department at the War Office. |
Salter, Sir Arthur | Source(s): 1959 (1938 original), George L. Ridgeway, 'Merchants of Peace', pp. 63-65: "The Rome congress assembled on March 18, 1923. ... Although the nonpolitical character of the Rome congress was its salient feature, it was given that governmental recognition which has become customary for ICC congresses. The opening session of the congress resembled a function of state, with Mussolini in the chair and the full diplomatic corps, excepting the German ambassador, in attendance. Sir Arthur Salter represented the League of Nations." Educated at Oxford and in 1934 he was appointed to the Gladstone professorship of political theory and institutions at Oxford, a chair which carried with it a fellowship of All Souls. Contributor to the Round Table and Carroll Quigley identified him as a member of the Milner Group. First met "Europe's founder", Jean Monnet, in 1914. Had dinner with Monnet in 1917, talking about the Inter-Allied Maritime Transport Council that they both became important founders and players in. Secretary of the Supreme Economic Council at Versailles in 1919, which also counted the involvement of Monnet from the French side. Head of the economic and financial section of the League of Nations secretariat, and in the League secretariat at Geneva, where he worked for stabilization of the currencies of Austria and Hungary, the former Habsburg empire, in the years after the end of World War I in 1918. General secretary of the Reparations Commission 1920-1922. Wrote 'The United States of Europe' in 1931, a collection of papers which advocated a federal Europe within the framework of the League of Nations. Probably not by coincidence, Monnet's post-WWII proposal for a political structure of a united Europe was almost exactly the same. Chair of International Relations at Oxford in the 1930s, together with the Viscount Cecil of Chelwood, of the extremely influential Cecil family. Involved in the Pilgrims Society from at least the 1930s where the rest of his biography is located. |
Schuster, Sir Felix | Source(s): 1929, International Chamber of Commerce brochure, council members: "Great Britain - Members: Sir Algernon F. Firth ... Sir Felix Schuster ... Sir J. Sandeman Allen ... Alternates: Sir Geoffrey Clarke ... Sir Roland Nugent, Lord Luke of Pavenham..." ... |
Dutch ICC names
Fentener van Vlissingen, Frederick H. | Source(s): 1936 CCI document, 'Incoterms 1936', p. 1 (library.iccwbo.org/pdf/Incoterms_1936.pdf: (accessed Sep. 27, 2022): "Bureau de la C.C.I.: ... Presidents Honoraries: ... Dr. F. H. Fentener van Vlissingen..."; 1938 list (honorary president); gettyimages.de/detail/ nachrichtenfoto/schacht-hjalmar-financier-politician-nsdap-germany22-nachrichtenfoto/541785919 (accessed: Nov. 5, 2022): "Schacht, Hjalmar - Financier, Politician, NSDAP [at the] Congress of the International Chamber of Commerce in Berlin ... decorating the present and former presidents of the ICC, Thomas I. Watson and Fentener von Vlissingen..."; 1945, Senate Committee on Military Affairs, 'Elimination of German Resources for War': "From 1933 to 1937 van Vlissingen was president of the International Chamber of Commerce."; 1959 version (1938 original), George L. Ridgeway (associate professor of history, Wells College), 'Merchants of Peace' (1959 version contained the foreword of Carnegie Endowment president James T. Shotwell)', pp. 139, 175: "On March 29, 1940, a meeting of the group’s executive committee took place in The Hague under the chairmanship of Van Vlissingen. .. On December 4, 1945, the ICC Commission on Commercial Policy under the chairmanship of the former president, F. H. Fentener van Vlissingen of the Netherlands..."; 1940, Foreign Policy Association, 'Foreign Policy Reports', p. 188 (of a compilation of all 1940 issues): "A "National Committee for Economic Collaboration" [the almost-forgotten Nationaal Comité tot Economische Samenwerking, founded on July 1, 1940 to organize business life under the control of the Nazis] has been formed under the chairmanship of Dr. Fentener van Vlissingen, former chairman of the International Chamber of Commerce, and a Nazi sympathizer."; June 1949, '12th Congress of the International Chamber of Commerce' document (honorary president). 1906-1985. Member of a well-known, wealthy industrial family in the Netherlands. More than 40 advisory board appointments by 1938: KLM airlines, Royal Hoogovens and Staalfabrieken, Vereinigte Stahlwerke AG in Germany, etc. Married into the German Henkel family, similar to top Nazi Joachim von Ribbentrop (hanged after the war). Member of the 1001 Club in the 1970 and 1980s. Married Monique van Lanschot, the sister of 1001 Club member Willem "Bib" van Lanschot, who was part of Prince Bernhard's secret and extra-judicial intelligence and special operations clique. 1945, Senate Committee on Military Affairs, 'Elimination of German Resources for War', pp. 697-699: "Friedrich H. Fentener van Vlissingen: ... a leading Dutch industrialist and arch-collaborationist, is head of the Internationale Accountants en Trustkantoor, a Dutch administration office which handles securities and trades in international markets. Handelmaatschappij H. Albert de Bary has a financial interest in Trustkantoor. aandemaliebaan.nl/verhalen/de-tycoon-frits-fentener-van-vlissingen/ (accessed: Nov. 20, 2022): "Het heeft niet veel gescheeld of een van de meest vooraanstaande bewoners van de Maliebaan zou in de Nederlandse Unie, de snel groeiende anti-NSB-beweging uit de zomer van 1940, een leidende rol gespeeld hebben. Frits Fentener van Vlissingen, directeur van de Steenkolen Handels Vereniging en een dominante figuur onder de Nederlandse ondernemers, is in de oorlog de buurman van aartsbisschop De Jong. Hij woont in het zeer aanzienlijke pand aan de Maliebaan 42. Fentener van Vlissingen is in de jaren twintig en dertig al een beroemdheid, een tycoon. Hij wordt geroemd om zijn grote zakelijke talenten en zijn inventieve ondernemerschap. Zo is hij betrokken geweest bij de oprichting van succesvolle ondernemingen als de KLM, de vliegtuigbouwer Fokker en de Kunstzijde Unie, later AKU, later AKZO. Hij treedt voortdurend naar buiten, als voorzitter van het bestuur van de Utrechtse Jaarbeurs, bijvoorbeeld, die onder zijn leiding steeds belangrijker wordt. Ook internationaal rijst zijn ster, hij wordt voorzitter van de Internationale Kamer van Koophandel. In die hoedanigheid wordt hij twee keer door Adolf Hitler ontvangen. Als hij in 1937 afscheid heeft genomen van die organisatie, zet hij zich in toenemende mate in voor een nauwe samenwerking met de opkomende macht in Europa: nazi-Duitsland. Hij wordt de drijvende kracht achter een nieuw samenwerkingsverband, de D-NV, de Duits-Nederlandse Vereniging. |
Gennip, Karien van | Source(s): Daughter of Jos van Gennip, former directeur of the Scientific Institute of the Dutch Christian Democrat Appel (CDA) party. MBA from INSEAD 1995. Davos Young Global Leader 2008-. With McKinsey & Co. in Amsterdan and San Francisco 1994, 1996-2002. Project leader reorganisation Netherlands Authority for the Financial Markets 2002-2003. State secretary for economic affairs 2003-2007. Director of European and International Affairs, ING Group (banking) 2007-2010, director of private banking & investment 2010-2015, CEO ING Bank France 2015-2020. Dutch minister of social affairs in the cabinet of frequent Bilderberg prime minister Mark Rutte Jan. 2022. Suggested in June '22 Holland should bring in African workers from France's youth ghettos. |
Mees, Rudolf | Source(s): 1938 national committee list (president). 1880-1951. Member of an old Dutch banking family of Bank Mees & Sons, founded in 1720. Had a son with the same name who lived from 1931 to 2010, although it's a very large family with others in the past also having been called Rudolf/Rudolph. June 2014, no. 64, Kroniek van de Stichting Geslacht Mees (Chronicle of the Mees Family Foundation) (translated from Dutch): "From 1720, a total of 27 Mezen from eight generations have been members of the firm R. Mees & Sons and in the years 1962-1969 of the firm Mees & Hope. The partners were jointly and severally liable for all debts with their entire private assets of the bank and the insurance brokerage. They were reliable bankers, not coming and going bank directors who put their own interests first. They had many secondary functions in social life. After that the successive names of the bank were Bank Mees & Hope N.V. (from 1969; in Acquired by ABN in 1975), MeesPierson N.V. (from 1993), Fortis MeesPierson (from 2005) and ABN Amro MeesPierson (from 2010). The latter is the name of the private banking division of ABN Amro, whose Rotterdam office happens to be located at Parklaan 11, where the house 'Rozenlust' stood of Rudolf Mees (1880-1951), partner of R. Mees & Sons. Another Rudolf Mees (1931-2010), former chairman of the Gender Mees Foundation is a member. Member of the board of directors of the Nederlandsche Middenstandsbank (merged NMB-Postbank, later renamed ING Bank) and co-founder of Triodos Bank. 1945, Senate Committee on Military Affairs, 'Elimination of German Resources for War', pp. 713, 711-712: "Philipp Mees, a director of Hollandsche Koopmansbank in 1941, has held that position at least since 1938. Mees is a partner of R. Mees & Zonen, one of the oldest and most important of the Dutch private banks and one of the few institutions in this category which was favored by the German authorities by being authorized to act as a foreign exchange bank, a privilege otherwise reserved to the eight largest banking corporations. Mees is prominent in Amsterdam banking circles; is connected with a number of industrial and financial enterprises, and a member of the Bankers Association of Amsterdam. His affiliations as of 1941 were as follows: Unsure if this is the same Philip/Philipp Mees from the above report: May 2011, No. 60, Kroniek van de Stichting Geslacht Mees (Chronicle of the Mees Family Foundation) (translated from Dutch), p. 7: "Madeline Ter Horst-Mees has been chairman of the Mees Family Foundation since 2003. She took over the role from Henk Mees, who succeeded her father Philip Mees, the doyen of the family. Philip was a board member for no less than 55 years. ... "I think what also played a role was that he worked in the bank, R. Mees en Zoonen..."" April 1979, No. 28, Kroniek van de Stichting Geslacht Mees (Chronicle of the Mees Family Foundation) (translated from Dutch), p. 21: "Around 1960 Philip Mees was called by Mr. Tj. Greidanus, member of the firm Pierson, Heldring & Pierson, also chairman of the Dutch Bankers Association. Philip was then a member of the firm R. Mees & Zoonen, also chairman of the Rotterdam Bankers Association. So they had a lot to do with each other..." 1946, World Trade magazine: "Dr. Rudolf MEES (Netherlands) , who introduced the resolution on Germany's position in European trade , said that other countries had to choose between two possibilities. Either they accepted German goods and therefore the German competition, or they refused German goods and therefore German economic revival. The conclusion reached by the Chamber was that if we wanted to rebuild Europe we should have to rebuild Germany. German competition, Dr. Mees urged, was far safer than an accumulation of misery and poverty in the middle of Europe." |
Polman, Paul | Source(s): June 21, 2018, iccwbo.org, 'Unilever chief Paul Polman named Chair of ICC, world’s largest business organisation'. Top superclass member from the Netherlands with a history at Unilever. |
Italian ICC names
Benni, Antonio Stefano | Source(s): March 1923, ICC, 'Proceedings of the Second Congress' of the ICC in Rome, p. 166 (participants): "Cav. Ettore Benini... On. Stefano Antonio Benni, Presidente della Confederazione Generale dell' Industria Italiana, Rome..." President of Confindustria 1923-1934. Supporter of Mussolini. 1938, Angelo Tasca ("A. Rossi" was his pseudonym for the book; socialist who worked with Mussolini in the 1910s), 'The Rise of Italian Fascism: 1918-1922' (English translation), p. 298: "While Rome was chasing the illusion of a Salandra ministry, hard work for Mussolini's cause was being done in Milan. There were lively discussions between Mussolini, the prefect Lusignoli and the leaders of the General Confederation of Industry [Confindustria / Confederazione Generale dell'Industria Italiana], the deputies A. Stefano Benni and Gino Olivetti. The heads of the Banking Association, who had financed the [October 1922] march on Rome to the tune of twenty millions, the heads of the Confederation of Industry and of the Confederation of Agriculture telegraphed to Rome to tell Salandra that a Mussolini government was the only possible way out." |
Biancardi, Dionigi | Source(s): 1921, ICC Brochure: "Italy: ... Dionigi BIANCARDI, Presidente del Consiglio Centrale dell'Armamento Italiano; Consigliere della Camera di Commercio e Industria di Genova; Amministratore delegato della Navigazione Generale Italiana."; 1929, ICC Brochure, issue 69-76 compilation, p. 59: "Italy - Members: On. Gr. Cr. Prof. Dionigi Biancardi ... Biagio Borriello ... Giorgio Mylius. - Alternates: ... Giuseppe Bianchini ... Gino Olivetti ... Raimondo Targetti." 1860-1951. Director Navigazione Generale Italia (NGI) anno 1932. 1932, Fortune magazine, p.43: "Senator [Vittorio] Rolandi Ricci [of the ICC] its president, signed for Navigazione Generale Italiana. As a great maritime lawyer, as a learned gentlemen, and as former Ambassador to Washington, he approved with his intelligence the move of his good friend Mussolini. After him signed his co-directors of N. G. I.: Dionigi Biancardi..." |
Bocca, Ferdinando | Source(s): 1921 ICC national committee list. Head of a leather tanning industry. Second president of Confindustria 1914-1918. |
Borriello, Biagio | Source(s): 1921, ICC Brochure; 1929, ICC Brochure, issue 69-76 compilation, p. 59: "Italy - Members: On. Gr. Cr. Prof. Dionigi Biancardi ... Biagio Borriello ... Giorgio Mylius. - Alternates: ... Giuseppe Bianchini ... Gino Olivetti ... Raimondo Targetti." 1879-1951. Shipping magnate fron Naples. President of the Naples Shipowners' Federation. President of the Regional Committee of the Italian Association of Maritime Law, Naples. President of the Chamber of Commerce of Naples anno 1929. Charter member and President of the Rotary of Naples anno 1929. Governor of the national Rotary 1929-1930, vice president 1931-1933. Member of Parliament, president of Oct. 1929, The Rotarian, p. 6, 'Rotary in Italy': "To date there are twenty-two clubs and approximately one thousand members. ... His Majesty, King Victor Emmanuel, III, and the princes of the House of Savoia, hold honorary membership. It is likewise interesting to note that Gr. Uff. Arnaldo Mussolini, brother of Il Duce, publisher of "Il Popolo d'Italia," is an active member of the Rotary Club of Milan. The district governor in On. Biagio Borriello, director of a great ocean-shipping business in Naples. Under his leadership, Rotary in Italy may be expected to make still greater progress. ... The concluding admonition is thoroughly characteristic of the spirit of the regime of the New Italy of Il Duce." Feb. 1951, The Rotarian, p. 20, 'Rotary thrives in Italy': "The first [Rotary] Club to take root in Italian soil was organized in Milan in 1923. Other Clubs followed and prospered. From Genoa came the late Felice Seghezza, a Director of Rotary International in 1926-27. From Naples came Biagio Borriello, a Vice-President of Rotary from 1931 to 1933, and still a member of the Naples Rotary Club. Relations between the Clubs and the early Mussolini Government were as peaceful as the nation itself. But then--as a Milan Rotarian put it in The Rotarian for August, 1948--when Mussolini began to bristle with militarism, those relations deteriorated. In the Summer of 1938, the Fascist Government suddenly passed antisemitic measures and required all organizations to cancel Jews from their rolls. The Rotary Clubs refused to take action. Members were warned to conform or disband. [Hence] they voted to dissolve their 34 Clubs." |
Conti, Ettore | Source(s): Not on a 1921 list; 1923, ICC Brochure, p. 101: "The Chairman then introduced Ing. Ettore Conti, former President of [Cofindustria], and President of the Second General Conference on Communications and Transit called by the League of Nations..."; 1938 list (president Italian national committee); 1959 (1938 original), George L. Ridgeway, 'Merchants of Peace', pp. 137-138: "Firm plans for its Committee on International Economic Recovery were drafted at the first wartime meeting of the Chamber’s governing council on November 10, 1939, in neutral Amsterdam. ... A feature of the Amsterdam meeting was a report ... on tbe organization of the Copenhagen-created committee. Thomas J. Watson was to serve as chairman, with former ICC president F H Fentener van Vlissingen of Holland and Winthrop Aldrich as vice chairmen. Paul van Zeeland, former prime minister of Belgium, was chosen as general advisor. Members included ... Ettore Conti of Italy, Rene P. Duchemin of France, ... Karl Lindemann of Germany, and Lord Riverdale of Great Britain..." 1871-1972. Ettore Conti of Verampio, Count of Verampio. Milan-based electricity magnate from about 1897, in part through the Edison company. Conservative in the Milan City Council from at least 1902-1907. Director of the large Banca Commerciale Italiana (BCI), an important lender to the steel industry, July 1918- (joining under president Giuseppe Toeplitz, a Jew), vice president March 1920-, president 1930-1945. President Confindustria 1920-1921. storiadimilano.it/repertori/ ettoreconti/cronettoreconti.htm (accessed: Nov. 12, 2022): "1909: Ettore Conti participates with Piero Pirelli [the brother of Alberto Pirelli] and Carlo Feltrinelli in the Società Anonima Quartiere Industriale Nord Milano for the construction of buildings in the vast area of Viale Zara and Fulvio Testi. ... Undersecretary for the Liquidation of Weapons and Munitions at the Ministry of the Treasury 1918-1919. Conservative Party senator 1919-, appointed by King Vittorio Emanuele III. General Secretary of the Lega Industriale di Torino Gino. Participant in the 1922 Genoa Economic and Financial Conference. Very close associate of Mussolini from about the late 1910s or early 1920s, with Conti's Banca Commerciale Italiana tied to the funding of Mussolini's Il Popoli d'Italia newspaper. 2007, Professor George Talbot (University of Hull), 'Censorship in Fascist Italy, 1922-43', pp. 39-40: "On the basis of the Banca Commerciale archives, which have been made available recently [Giorgio] Fabre has demonstrated that [Polish Jew-heritage Giuseppe] Toeplitz made generous payments to Morgagni in 1918 and again in 1921 for advertizing space in Il Popolo d'Italia. Indeed in 1918 the Banca Commerciale had twice as much advertizing space in the pages of Il Popolo d'Italia as did Ansaldo, the steel company. Extensive advertising in a radical newspaper with a low circulation was hardly a strategic necessity for an issuing bank. Just before the 1921 election, Toeplitz made a further payment to Morgagni of 200,000 lire. ... In 1928 Mussolini asked Conti to join his daughter, Edda, on the 11th cruise of the Italian Naval League in India, so that his wife could take care of Edda's education. Official member National Fascist Party 1932-, although critical of some of Mussolini's economic policies. President Banca Commerciale Italiana in Milan anno 1938. Electricity industry magnate. Present at the 1937 ICC conference in Berlin, meeting with Hitler and Goering. Extraordinary Ambassador of the Italian Economic Mission to (fascist) Japan and Manchukuo/Manchuria in 1938. |
Falck, Giorgio Enrico | Source(s): 1921 Italian national committee list. 1866-1947. President of the Lecco Chamber of Commerce 1901-1912. In 1906 he was a key founder of the company Acciaierie e Ferriere Lombarde / Acciaierie e Ferriere Lombarde Falck in the mlan region. The company became one of the most important steel and iron producers, as well as of products derived from them, such as railway tracks. In 1909 he sponsored the founding of the magazine La Metallurgia Italiana. Anno 1910 he was vice president of the Milanese Congress of Exporters in the East. Honorary vice president of the British Iron and Steel Institute 1911-. Co-founder in 1914 of the Association of Italian Metallurgical Industrialists. Senator 1934-. Considered a long-time supporter of fascism and Italy's wars. His son, in contrast, was an "anti-fascist". On 29 September 1942, in his home, the leading Catholic politicians as Alcide De Gasperi, Giovanni Gronchi, Achille Grandi, Piero Malvestiti, Giuseppe Brusasca and others met on the initiative of his son Enrico. It was the beginning of a series of clandestine meetings that were preparatory to the founding of the Christian Democrat Party. After July 25, 1943, he edited at his own expense the printing of a million copies of Alcide De Gasperi's pamphlet. |
Mussolini, Benito | Source(s): March 1923, ICC, 'Proceedings of the Second Congress' of the ICC in Rome, p. 11: "His excellency Signor Benito Mussolini then rose to welcome the delegates of the International Chamber of Commerce in the following terms..."; 1959 (1938 original), George L. Ridgeway, 'Merchants of Peace', pp. 63-65: "The Rome congress assembled on March 18, 1923. ... Although the nonpolitical character of the Rome congress was its salient feature, it was given that governmental recognition which has become customary for ICC congresses. The opening session of the congress resembled a function of state, with Mussolini in the chair and the full diplomatic corps, excepting the German ambassador, in attendance. Sir Arthur Salter represented the League of Nations."; 1938 version, George L. Ridgeway, 'Merchants of Peace', p. 169: "Salter represented the League of Nations [at the 1923 Rome conference]. Mussolini sounded the keynote of the congress. The time was at hand to remove "the last relics of 'war harnass' from the shoulders of the forces of production in every country..." From at least 1912 Mussolini was a member of the national directorate of the Italian Socialist Party (PSI). Journalist at the Avanti! newspaper, the official voice of the Italian Socialist Party. On June 8, 1914 he wrote for the newspaper in response to an attack on one of the socialist party's anti-war rallies, "We hope that with their action the Italian workers will be able to say that it is the time to make it end." His series of articles at the time forced the labor union Confederazione Generale del Lavoro (CGdL) to declare a general nation-wide strike. In August 1914 he towed the socialist line when he wrote, "Down with the War! We remain neutral!" Mussolini broke abruptly with the socialists in late 1914 when he started advocating for Italian intervention in World War I in support of Great Britain and France. He also turned fascist. Founder in November 1914 and chief editor of the fascist newspaper Il Popolo d'Italia, which was allied with the new "Fascio" movement in calling for war and stating that anti-war MPS should be shot. Founder of the pro-war movement Fascio d'Azione Rivoluzionaria in December 1914, which was mainly active in 1915. Spread propaganda that called for a "government by men in the trenches" who would become a new ruling class, the "aristocracy of tomorrow." Volunteered to fight when Italy joined the war, but rejected for his radical socialism. Instead, he was drafted in August 2015 and went to war in September. Promoted to corporal and considered a great soldier. He was wounded in February 1917. Discharged from the hospital in August 2017, Mussolini returned as chief editor of his Il Popolo d'Italia, continuing his calls for the war to continue. Apart from receiving funding from major arms manufacturers and businessmen in Milan, from about August 2017 on, Mussolini also received a £100 weekly wage (the equivalent of $9,000 in 2023) from the British security service MI5, authorized by Sir Samuel Hoare, to help keep anti-war protestors at home and to publish pro-war propaganda. 1997 (1959 original, 1969 revised edition), Denis Mack Smith (senior research fellow at Oxford's All Souls College 1962-1987), 'Modern Italy: A Political History' (University of Michigan Press), pp. 284, 293, 313, 432: "A few weeks after the outbreak of war in 1914 he veered around abruptly from ardent neutralism to ardent intervention, instinctlively sensing that war would be a highroad to revolution. In return for this change, the armaments firm of Ansaldo and the sugar and electrical industries helped him to publish a paper of his own, Il Popola d'Italia, with an incendiary quotation from Blanque on its front page. ... Oct. 13, 2009, The Guardian, 'Recruited by MI5: the name's Mussolini. Benito Mussolini: Documents reveal Italian dictator got start in politics in 1917 with help of £100 weekly wage from MI5': "A previously unknown area of Il Duce's CV has come to light: his brief career as a British agent. ... Mussolini, then a 34-year-old journalist, was not just willing to ensure Italy continued to fight alongside the allies in the first world war by publishing propaganda in his paper. He was also willing to send in the boys to "persuade'' peace protesters to stay at home. Mussolini's payments were authorised by Sir Samuel Hoare, an MP and MI5's man in Rome, who ran a staff of 100 British intelligence officers in Italy at the time. 2002, Gerhard Feldbauer (communism-inclined former GDR journalist stationed in Hanoi 1967-1973, Rome 1973-1983; counselor in Algeria 1981-1983, ambassador to Zaire 1983-), 'Marsch auf Rom: Faschismus und Antifaschismus in Italien, von Mussolini bis Berlusconi und Fini', p. 13: "Before the parliamentary vote on entering the war, the Fasci newspaper "Il Popolo d'Italia" founded by Mussolini incited that MPs who had not yet decided to enter the war (mainly the Socialists) "should be court-martialled". For "the salvation of Italy", if necessary, "several dozen members of parliament should be shot," and others "put in prison." [2] 1989, Dr. Frank Snowden (Lecturer in history, University of London), published by Cambridge University Press, 'The Fascist Revolution in Tuscany, 1919-22', pp. 128-134: "An additional factor is the discretion of industry itself. In the case of the agrari it was possible to discover ample evidence of their political position from lists of those enrolled in the movement; from public speeches made by leading landowners such as Serragli, Sarrochi, and Aldi Mai; from reports of the deliberations of the AAT and its branches. In the case of industry, these sources of information are generally precluded because the major industrialists seldom joined the movement or campaigned publicly on its behalf. Particularly in the case of industry, then, it would be necessary, in order to establish a more detailed picture of the collusion between the fasci and leading businessmen, to have access to the archives of individual companies and of the economic ministries, as well as of the Ministry of the Interior, which is so fruitful a source of information on the political preferences of farmers. Unfortunately, however, these sources have not been made available. Chance too has played a role. Large sections of the archives of the questori and prefects of the principal industrial centres, Livorno and Florence, were destroyed in the Second World War, while certain important press sources, including the fascist weekly A Noi of Livorno have been lost. 2007, Professor George Talbot (University of Hull), 'Censorship in Fascist Italy, 1922-43', pp. 39-40: "On the basis of the Banca Commerciale archives, which have been made available recently [Giorgio] Fabre has demonstrated that [Polish Jew-heritage Giuseppe] Toeplitz made generous payments to Morgagni in 1918 and again in 1921 for advertizing space in Il Popolo d'Italia. Indeed in 1918 the Banca Commerciale had twice as much advertizing space in the pages of Il Popolo d'Italia as did Ansaldo, the steel company. Extensive advertising in a radical newspaper with a low circulation was hardly a strategic necessity for an issuing bank. Just before the 1921 election, Toeplitz made a further payment to Morgagni of 200,000 lire. ... Post-World War I Mussolini discovered that inconsistency did not bother his readers, appearing "successively as champion of the League and then nationalist, as socialist and then conservative, as monarchist and then republican", keeping all his options open. Founder of the Fasci Italiani di Combattimento (the National Fascist Party from 1921) on 23 March 1919. About fifty supporters were part of the initial meeting, whose meeting place, the Piazza San Sepolcro, was sponsored by (unidentified) Milanese businessmen. His positions at this meeting appeased both the left and right:
1983, Denis Mack Smith, 'Mussolini: A Biography', p. 35: "The meeting of 23 March took place in a hall provided by Milanese businessmen in the Piazzi San Sepolcro... According to Mussolini only about fifty people were there... His Fasci movement soon exposed itself as a militia, the Squadrismo. On April 15, 1919 the Squadrismo destroyed the offices and printing equipment of his old socialist newspaper, Avanti!. In 1923 the Squadrismo became known as the Blackshirts, which inspired Hitler to dress up his SA paramilitary force in brown shirts. In the November 1919 elections, Mussolini's Fasci received 5,000 votes versus 190,000 votes for the socialists in Milan alone. Even in Mussolini's home village of Predappio, not a single person voted for him. The socialists mocked him by parading a coffin with his name on it past his house, symbolizing his political death. The Fasci were left with 4,000 members, with Mussolini almost leaving the country and becoming a writer of fiction. The conservative right still had need for his facist militia though, as millions of peasants and factory workers held massive strikes in the 1919-1921 period in factories of Fiat and other industrial corporations, putting the country on the brink of a communist revolution. 1994, Edwin P. Hoyt, 'Mussolini's Empire: The Rise and Fall of the Fascist Vision', p. 51: "Fiat president Giovanni Agnelli was forced to march through a cordon of red flags to his office, and then to kiss a portrait of Lenin that had replaced that of the King. The communist unions even dominated the farming countryside, and any farmers who would not give in to them found they were boycotted by the barber , the grocer , and the doctor . A line of red flags in a hayfield meant the workers were harvesting their share of the grain, and leaving that employer's share to rot. In this atmosphere Mussolini promised to bring order and stop the harassment of the people by the reds, and little by little, his promises were heard." 1967 compilation, Industrial and Labor Relations Review (Cornell University Press), p. 409: "The industrialists' victory in the March strikes made them confident that in case of a showdown the workers would find themselves in an untenable position. The showdown came with the workers' occupation of the factories in September 1920 when they attempted to run the factories without their employers. It has been argued that on that occasion the workers might have carried out a successful revolution had it not been for the vacillation of their [socialist political] leaders. In spite of subsequent hysterical cries to this effect by the industrialists themselves, the leadership of the Confederation displayed no such fears at the time. At the height of the crisis, the president of the Confederation exuded unlimited confidence in the eventual victory of the industrialists. [48] The Confederation had set into motion the train of events which eventually culminated in in the occupation of the factories by refusing to negotiate on a request for wage increases advanced by the metalworkers' union in June 1920. [49] The union then decided to resort to a slowdown of production... At the same time the conservative right tried to prevent the socialists - which were really passive in their support for the massive worker strikes across the country - from gaining full power after the November 1919 elections. Mussolini ran a newspaper campaign in favor of increased armaments, a larger merchant marine, and supported the seizure of power in the city of Fiume by the ultranationalist Gabriele D'Annunzio. All this got Mussolini additional subsidies from business groups. As the factory occupations by workers started to decline in late 1920 and early 1921, Mussolini's big business-funded Squadrismo/blackshirts started their campaign. The Fasci having grown ten-fold during the communist and socialist worker strikes, it blackshirt militias were generally led by army/special forces veterans with a team of farmers and middle class businessmen. They raided socialist headquarters and trade unions. In the run up to the May 1921 elections, the Fasci were supported and protected by 1920-1921 Italian prime minister Giovanni Giolitti, who had been prime minister four times before and thought the Fasci were great as tools to suppress communism and socialism. As a result, Mussolini enjoyed judicial immunity, while the police and army armed his blackshirts to suppress any kind of socialist demonstration. Meanwhile, judges generally found the Fasci innocent of charges. Giolitti ran the National Blocs, with Mussolini starting to represent his Fasci as the extreme right wing" of the National Bloc, and that it was concerned with 'imperialism' and 'national expansion'. His party received 7% of the vote in the May 1921 elections, with another pro-fascist party receiving about 2%. 1983, Denis Mack Smith (senior research fellow at All Souls, Oxford 1962-1987), 'Mussolini: A Biography', p. 51: "...partially neutralised Giolitti by sending privately to say that they wanted him as head of government again. [101] Unbeknown to him, they were saying much the same to Nitti, Salandra and Facta. Giolitti, like the others, therefore used his influence to try to bring the fascists into a coalition, encouraged by leading industrialists in Milan, including [Alberto] Pirelli and [Gino] Olivetti, two of the most familar names in Italian economic life." 2017, Professor Harold James (Princeton University professor) a. o., 'Enterprise in the Period of Fascism in Europe', p. 66: "Since the beginning of the century Agnelli had been a follower of Giovanni Giolitti, the man who tried to turn the elitist Italian state into an industrial democracy; the founder of Fiat never denied his ties with this political leader who, it is important to underline, sponsored the 1921 alliance between Liberals and Fascists. Immediately after the Fascist coup d'etat of October 1922 (the so-called 'March on Rome') Agnelli publicly agreed with the Turin branch of the Liberal Party's declaration which went on to recognize the merits of Fascist action [but] while also criticizing the violence of Fascist squads..." 1994, Edwin P. Hoyt, 'Mussolini's Empire: The Rise and Fall of the Fascist Vision', pp. 51-52: "In the fall of 1920 Mussolini began to make overtures to Prime Minister Giovanni Giolitti, who privately regarded the Fascist leader as a clown and a person not to be worried about. Giolitti believed he could use Mussolini against the Socialists and then get rid of him. The Rome government began to show a new tolerance for the Fascists and for Fascist bullyboys who carried out violent raids against their political opponents. And so a deal was struck. Mussolini agreed to support the a Italian government's destruction of the D'Annunzio government of Fiume. On Christmas Eve, 1920, an Italian naval squadron bombarded Fiume and after four days D'Annunzio vacated the city. Mussolini did not stir a muscle to assist D'Annunzio, to whom he had promised everything. Mussolini's answer to his critics was that D'Annunzio had fallen out of touch with Italian political reality. He did not mean a word of it. D'Annunzio was his mentor. He had put together the trappings of dictatorship, and Mussolini had decided to displace and copy him. Mussolini would take over the flamboyance and the corporate dictatorship. He would be Il Duce — The leader." In November 1921, the Fasci was renamed and reorganized as the National Fascist Party and became a much more centralized organization under Mussolini's full control. Eventually the March on Rome of Benito Mussolini and his army of Blackshirts and fellow fascists took place on October 28, 1922. The liberal Party prime minister, Luigi Facta, asked King Victor Emmanuel III di Savoi to sign a declaration that martial law would be imposed, followed by an army to stop Mussolini's fascist army. The king, whose signature was crucial to martial law, refused. Facta resigned and on October 30 King Victor Emmanuel III appointed Mussolini as Italy's new prime minister. Prime minister and dictator of Italy from 31 October 1922 to 25 July 1943. Duce of the Italian Social Republic from 23 September 1943 to 25 April 1945. All the while, Mussolini's activities were supported by big business. 2012, Giulia Albanese (fellow Italian Institute for Historical Studies in Naples and Jean Monnet Fellow at the European University College in Florence) and Roberta Pergher (member Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton; assoc. professor Indiana University Bloomington), 'In the Society of Fascists' (no page number): "Some years later, industrial magnate Alberto Pirelli would recall the meeting between Mussolini and several industrialists held on October 26, 1922, headquarters of [the Mussolini owned] Il Popolo d'Italia, where business leaders explained "the extremely grave damage to the national economy from the state of anarchic confusion into which the country was sinking" and pleaded for him to come up with an answer. [8]" 2020, Paul M. Hayes, 'Fascism': "The general strike of August 1922 provided Mussolini with still more support. Agrarian, financial and industrial interests flocked to support the fascists asit became increasingly clear that their priviliged positions were threatened. Mussolini's mouthpiece, Il Popolo d'Italia, received heavy investment as fascist counterrevolutionary forces swung into action in Leghorn, Ancona, Genoa and Milan. The prominent industrialist, Pirelli, later admitted that on 26 October 1922, just a few days before the fascist seizure of power, a committee of the General Confederation of Industry visited Mussolini at the offices of the party newspaper." 1938, Angelo Tasca ("A. Rossi" was his pseudonym for the book), 'The Rise of Italian Fascism: 1918-1922' (English translation), pp. VI-VII (preface by Herman Finer), 298: "Signor Rossi (a pseudonym [Angelo Tasca]) is an example of the highest type of Italian... In 1913 [Tasca] was an active socialist with Mussolini - i.e. when Mussolini had arrived at the editorship of the Avanti [the official publication of the Italian Socialist Party], and was an extremist in his demands, and violently revolutionary in tactics. This was in the days when Mussolini was an utter pacifist, anti-imperialist, anti-militarist, and an applauder of regicide... When Italy was faced with Europe at war, Rossi broke with Mussolini in order to continue his deeply felt and sincerely held repudiation of war [while] Mussolini ... advocated the participation of Italy on the side of France and England... L'unico ostacolo all realizzazione di questo programma i comunisti lo indicavano in alcuni grandi capitalisti che « impediscono l'unione del nostro popolo mettendo fascisti ed antifascisti gli uni contro gli altri, per struttarci tutti con maggiore liberta". Tra i 15 capitalisti "sfruttatori del popolo" erano indicati Pirelli, Agnelli, Achille Gaggia, Ettore Conti, Vittorio Cini. Inoltre il manifesto si schierava decisamente contro un'alleanza con Hitler ( ! ) ed aggiungeva : "Noi vogliamo che l'Italia stipuli dei patti di assistenza mutua con tutti i nostri vicini e anzitutto con la Francia ( era il periodo ... Pesenti , il Direttore del Popolo d'Italia Vito Mussolini , il Preside della Provincia ing . Belloni , il federale amministrativo Ravasco , S. E. Corni , i senatori De Capitani d'Arzago , Agnelli , Bocciardo , Borletti , Treccani, Tofani , Fantoli , Carletti , Bonardi , i deputati Donegani , Giarratana , Donzelli , Ardissone , Chiarini , il gr . uff . |
Mylius, Giorgio | Source(s): 1921 ICC national committee list (vice president); 1959 (1938 original), George L. Ridgeway, 'Merchants of Peace': "The International Finance Committee appointed in accordance with the London resolutions of the International Chamber met on October 6, 1921... Italy [was represented] by Giorgio Mylius, Alberto Pirelli, Gino Olivetti, and Giuseppe Zuccoli..."; 1929, ICC Brochure, issue 69-76 compilation, p. 59: "Italy - Members: On. Gr. Cr. Prof. Dionigi Biancardi ... Biagio Borriello ... Giorgio Mylius. - Alternates: ... Giuseppe Bianchini ... Gino Olivetti ... Raimondo Targetti." 1870-1935. Co-founder of the Societa Anonima Commerciale del Benadir, focused on the cotton industry, in Somalia in 1896. Among the earliest member of the ICC by 1921. Director Austrian Bank. July 1, 1926, New York Times, 'Honor Italian Banker at Club Dinner; Giorgio Mylius Sees Bright Future for His Country Under Mussolini Plans': "A group of bankers and other business men attended a dinner in honor of Commendatore Gtorgio Mylius, the Italian banker, last night, at the Lotos Club, 110 West Fifty-seventh Street. Mr. Mylius is concluding a two-months visit to the United States. He represented the Italian Rotary Club, of which he is President, at the recent International Rotary Convention in Denver." |
Olivetti, Gino | Source(s): 1929, ICC Brochure, issue 69-76 compilation, p. 59: "Italy - Members: On. Gr. Cr. Prof. Dionigi Biancardi ... Biagio Borriello ... Giorgio Mylius. - Alternates: ... Giuseppe Bianchini ... Gino Olivetti ... Raimondo Targetti." Jewish. Key founder and first managing director of Confindustria 1910-1934. Freemason in the "Propaganda" Lodge of Grand Orient of Italy from 1907 until his expulsion in 1924 when he appeared on a list of electorates for Mussolini's fascist party. Major supporter of Mussolini's fascist state. President of Juventus soccer club 1920-1923. Fled to Argentina in October 1939 after the introduction of fascist racial laws. Oct. 2017, Roberta Raspagliesi for Quest. Issues in Contemporary Jewish History, 'Fascist Jews Between Politics and the Economy: Five Biographical Profiles': "After the war [World War I], [Gino Olivetti] took part in the 1919 elections in the Partito Economico, "the right-wing rib of the varied sub-alpine liberalism" (which strived for a greater presence of industrialists in active politics and not only in economic-political organs), entering Parliament and staying there until 1938. [96] ... |
Pavoncelli, Nicola | Source(s): 1921 list (member Italian national committee). 1860-1927. Director Bank of Italy anno 1921, chair anno 1926. Nov. 1 1926, Time, 'Foreign News: Roundest Robin': "An odd dozen commonplace-seeming men waited simultaneously one morning last week in the several London offices of the world's principal news agencies. ... they laid before thunderstruck news executives a round robin signed by over 100 of the world's most potent financiers, calling upon European nations to remove their tariff hindrances to international trade. |
Pirelli, Alberto | Source(s): 1936 CCI document, 'Incoterms 1936', p. 1 (library.iccwbo.org/pdf/Incoterms_1936.pdf: (accessed Sep. 27, 2022): "Bureau de la C.C.I.: ... Presidents Honoraries: ... Dott. Alberto Pirelli..."; 1959 version (1938 original), George L. Ridgeway (associate professor of history, Wells College), 'Merchants of Peace' (1959 version contained the foreword of ICC member and Carnegie Endowment president James T. Shotwell)', pp. 53, 75: "The chief liaison officer of the International Chamber and the League of Nations was Alberto Pirelli, who as a member of the Council and of the Finance Committee of the International Chamber and also of the Economic Committee of the League of Nations contributed much to the working out of principles of collaboration. ... another prominent member of the Dawes committee, Alberto Pirelli."; June 1949, '12th Congress of the International Chamber of Commerce' document (honorary president). Co-founder of Bilderberg in 1954. |
Ricci, Victorio Rolandi | Source(s): Aug. 1920, Advocate of Peace (international relations journal founded in 1837), p. 278, 'The International Chamber of Commerce': "An International Chamber of Commerce was organized, with ... Victorio Rolandi Ricci the Italian vice-president." Senator since 1912. President of Navigazione Generale Italiana anno 1932, with one of the directors here also being an ICC member. Considered a good friend of Mussolini. Eventually a senator in Mussolini's government and even Mussolini's pro-Nazi "Italian Social Republic" of 1943-1945. Sentenced to 15 years prison after WWII, but received amnesty. 1932, Fortune magazine, p.43: "Senator [Vittorio] Rolandi Ricci [of the ICC] its president, signed for Navigazione Generale Italiana. As a great maritime lawyer, as a learned gentlemen, and as former Ambassador to Washington, he approved with his intelligence the move of his good friend Mussolini. After him signed his co-directors of N. G. I.: Dionigi Biancardi..." |
Targetti, Raimondo | Source(s): 1929, ICC Brochure, issue 69-76 compilation, p. 59: "Italy - Members: On. Gr. Cr. Prof. Dionigi Biancardi ... Biagio Borriello ... Giorgio Mylius. - Alternates: ... Giuseppe Bianchini ... Gino Olivetti ... Raimondo Targetti." 1869-1942. Wool industry tycoon through his company Targetti National Wool Mill. Co-founder and vice president of the Italian Wool Institute. President of Confindustria 1922-1923. Targetti was succeeded by Antonio Stefano Benni (1923-1934). Senator 1930s-. |
Volpe di Misurata, Count Giuseppe | Source(s): 1921 list (member Italian national committee). Governor of the colony of Tripolitania in Libya 1921-1925. Leading figure of Mussolini's National Fascist Party and the Grand Council of Fascism. Italy's finance minister 1925-1928. Negotiated Italy's World War I debt repayment with the United States. Founder of the Venice Film Festival in 1932. President of Confindustria 1934-1943. Too sick to appear in court after World War II and acquitted on all charges through the Togliatti amnesty. Died in 1947. Agnelli, Cini, Volpi, Pirelli, Donegani, Falk, very few others, completely dominate the various branches of the industry. In Italy we have more than ten thousand ... |
Swedish ICC names
Hammarskjold, Dag | Source(s): 1959, George L. Ridgeway, 'Merchants of Peace': "[ICC's] distinguished committee of experts to which UN Secretary-General Dag Hammarskjold belonged [anno 1936, not the 1939 date listed in this book]..." (Joint Expert Committee of the ICC and Carnegie End.) Second Secretary-General of the United Nations April 1953 - September 1961, when he died in a controversial plane crash in Africa. |
Wallenberg, Knut Agathon | Source(s): 1921 ICC list (Swedish National Committee). Swedish foreign minister 1914-1917, during World War I. Employed by the Credit Lyonnais in Paris 1877-1878. Director Stockholms Enskilda Bank (SEB) 1874, president anno 1921. In 1917 he and his wife created the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, one of the main contributors to the Stockholm School of Economics, the only privately funded university in Sweden. Died in 1938. |
Wallenberg, Marcus, Jr. | Source(s): 1936 CCI document, 'Incoterms 1936', p. 1 (library.iccwbo.org/pdf/Incoterms_1936.pdf: (accessed Sep. 27, 2022): "Bureau de la C.C.I.: ... Vice-Presidents: ... Suede: Marcus Wallenberg, Administrateur-Delegue, Stockholms Enskilda Bank..." 1899-1982. Assistant director of Stockholm's Enskilda Bank 1925-, vice CEO and director 1927-. Vice president representing Sweden of the International Chamber of Commerce anno 1936. Chair Federation of Swedish Industries anno 1964, under which he visited Bilderberg. Visited of Bilderberg from 1957 until the year before his death, in 1982, when he was a steering committee member. Chair Skandinaviska Enskilda Banken (SEB), Stockholm, Sweden. President and CEO Investor AB. Vice chair Ericsson. |
Wallenberg, Peter | Source(s): Jan. 20, 2015, facebook.com/iccwbo/photos (accessed: Nov. 13, 2022): "We are greatly saddened to learn of the passing of Peter Wallenberg [who was] ICC Chairman from 1989 to 1990. Like his grandfather (Knut), father (Marcus) and later his nephew (Marcus), Peter Wallenberg gave his time and efforts generously to ICC." Vice chair Skandinaviska Enskilda Banken (SEB) when he visited Bilderberg in 1984 and 1987. |
Wallenberg, Marcus | Source(s): tradefinanceglobal.com/ posts/author/marcus-wallenberg/ (accessed: Nov. 13, 2022): "Chairman of the International Chamber of Commerce from 2006 to 2008." Born 1956. Son of Marc Wallenberg (1924-1971). President and CEO of Investor AB from 1999 to 2005. Regukar visitor of Bilderberg since 1996. |
Danish ICC names
Denmark, Queen Ingrid of | Source(s): iccgermany.de/ueber-icc-germany/geschichte/ (accessed: Sep. 27, 2022): "[Flyer photo:] ueen Ingrid of Denmark presides over the banquet held on the eve of the [ICC's] 1939 Copenhagen Congress." Functions: Present 1939 Copenhagen Conference. ... |
German ICC names
Abs, Hermann J. | Source(s): 2007, Editions ESKA, 'Entreprises et Histoire', p. 60: "Address delivered by Hermann J. Abs at the Dinner of the United States Council of the International Chamber of Commerce, Inc. in New York, January 16, 1957. HADB, V1/2294."; March 25, 1966 visitor of the ICC meeting in Essen, Germany (gettyimages.nl/detail/ nieuwsfoto's/during-the-annual-meeting-of-the-international-chamber-of-nieuwsfotos/1063477648 (accessed: Nov. 13, 2022). 1901-1994. Director Deutsche Bank 1938-1945. Director of the notorious IG Farben chemical concern that made use of slave labor at Auschwitz and created Zyklon B, the gas used in the Nazi gas chamber. Arrested in January 1946, but freed in April by the British, reportedly for not supporting the Nazi regime. Never prosecuted. Post-WWII advisor to German chancellor Konrad Adenauer. Deutsche Bank was broken up in three after World War II. These three banks merged again in 1957 into the new Deutsche Bank, with Abs rejoining the board. "Spokesman" / chair Deutsche Bank 1957-1967. Bilderberg visitor in 1958, 1961, 1966. Appointed as chairman of the second Davos conference in 1972, but had to cancel at the last moment. Chairman of the advisory board of Deutsche Bank 1967-1976, honorary chair 1976-1994. A more detailed biography is to be found in the Bilderberg membership list. |
Amerongen, Otto Wolff von | Source(s): iccgermany.de/ueber-icc-germany/geschichte/ (accessed: Sep. 27, 2022): "In the 1960s, Otto Wolff von Amerongen † was President and then, for many years, Honorary President of the German National Committee."; March 25, 1966 visitor of the ICC meeting in Essen, Germany (gettyimages.nl/detail/ nieuwsfoto's/during-the-annual-meeting-of-the-international-chamber-of-nieuwsfotos/1063477648 (accessed: Nov. 13, 2022). Son of a major Nazi financier through Vereinigte Stahwerke. Bilderberg visitor over 1955-2001, thus a 47-year participant. Member of Chase Manhattan's international advisory council anno 1972. Founding member Trilateral Commission 1973-2007, executive from at least 1981 to at least 1998. See his biography in the Bilderberg membership list. |
Buecher, Herman | Source(s): 1945, Senate Committee on Military Affairs, 'Elimination of German Resources for War', p. 839: "International Chamber of Commerce - Member." 1945, Senate Committee on Military Affairs, 'Elimination of German Resources for War', p. 839: "Herman Beucher, associated with AEG and Krupp for more than 15 years, is a calculating industrialist who has served three opposing German governments in his efforts to strengthen his own personal position. Originally a career diplomat, Beucher served the monarchy on several continents. The First World brought to a close his diplomatic service and Buecher, then 26 years of age, allied himself with the Weimar Republic, becoming one of the most influential members of the National Economic Council (Reichswirtschaftsrat). |
Cuno, Wilhelm | Source(s): 1929, International Chamber of Commerce brochure, council members: "Germany - Members: Abr. Frowein, Dr. L. Ravane, Dr. h.c. Louis Hagen. Altemates: ...Paul Reusch, F. H. Witthoefft, Dr. Wilhelm Cuno."; 1931, issue 76, ICC brochure: "Germany - Members: Abr. Frowein, F. H. Witthoeft, Dr. h. c. Louis Hagen. - Alternates: Dr. Wilhelm Cuno, Dr. h. c. Richard Merton, Dr. h. c. Ernst Poensgen."; May 29 - June 3, 1933, Official Report of the Proceedings of the Seventh Congress of the ICC: "Again this month we have the sad duty of recording the death [in Jan. 1933] of a distinguished collaborator of the International Chamber of Commerce, Dr. Wilhelm Cuno. Chancellor of Germany in 1923, he subsequently returned to the affairs of the Hamburg-Amerika Line...." Chairman Hamburg-Amerika Line, Germany's largest shipping company, 1918-, which was controlled by the Harriman group from 1920 on. Participated in post World War I negotiations on reparations and related terms. Part of the 1922 Genoa Conference, which he left in protest after the signature of the Treaty of Rapallo here that established friendly relations with the Soviet Union. Chancellor of Germany 22 November 1922 – 12 August 1923, during the peak of hyperinflation. Returned to head the Hamburg-Amerika Line after his term in government in 1923. In 1925 a supporter of the ultraright World War I general Paul von Hindenburg in 1925, over Centre Party candidate Wilhelm Marx. In 1927/1928 a co-founder Bund zur Erneuerung des Reiches (BER) / Federation for the Renewal of the Reich, alongside top bankers and industrialists Fritz Thyssen, Gustav Krupp von Bohlen and Halbach, Albert Vogler, Carl Friedrich von Siemens, Robert Bosch, Jakob Goldschmidt, Franz von Mendelssohn, Fritz Springorum, Hermann Rochling, Paul Reusch, Carl Bergmann (advisory board Deutsche Bank), Louis Hagen, Abraham Frowein. Director of Deutsch-Atlantische Telegraphengesellschaft / German Atlantic Cable Company anno 1932, alongside Max Warburg (vice chair) and Averell Harriman. Founding member of Hitler's Keppler Circle, founded in December 1932. Cuno refused to sign an appeal by leading German industrialists to President Hindenburg to appoint Adolf Hitler as Chancellor. He saw the solution to the parliamentary crisis in a non-partisan government. Died in January 1933 at age 56 from a heart attack. 1920, Schiffbau und Schiffart, Kleinshiffbau und Binnenschiffahrt, p. 864 (translated from German): "In the administration of the Hamburg-America Line, according to "I. u. HZtg" June 9th [1920] the following telegram from the directors arrived from New York: "We have entered into an agreement for 20 years, subject to further details, with the Harriman concern, represented by the firm W. A. Harriman & Co." 1952, Karl Obermann, 'Die Beziehungen des amerikanischen Imperialismus zum deutschen Imperialismus in der Zeit der Weimarer Republik, 1918-1925', p. 66: "In June 1920 a direct link was established between the Harriman shipping group of the Rockefeller group and the leading German shipping companies, "Hamburg-America-Line" and "Norddeutscher Lloyd". ... Due to the Versailles Peace Treaty, the German shipping companies had lost a large part of their merchant fleet. Director General Dr. Wilhelm Cuno, Ballin's successor in the "Hamburg-America Line", wrote in 1926 about the situation: "We had two options, either to rebuild slowly and step by step on our own, or to get a share of the transatlantic voyage in cooperation with foreign companies. So they preferred to associate with American companies in order to achieve high profits. In June 1920, the “Hamburg-America- Line" signed an agreement with Standard Harriman Corporation's United American Lines. The facilities of the "Hamburg-America Line" were made available to the "United American Lines" and the "Hamburg-America Line" handed over their orders to the American company. The German shipowners received 50% of the profits, i.e. they secured high profits with the help of American capital and in return they handed over their port facilities in Hamburg and Bremen to the Standard Harriman group. The "Norddeutsche Lloyd" formed a similar "interest group" with the "U.S. Mail Steamship Co.""" 1991, Webster Griffin Tarpley and Anton Chaitkin, 'George Bush: The Unauthorized Biography' (digital version): "Averell Harriman and [George Herbert] Bert Walker [and later Prescott Bush] had gained control over the steamship company [Hamburg-Amerika Line] in 1920 in negotiations with its post-World War I chief executive, "Wilhelm Cuno", and with the line's bankers, M.M. Warburg. Cuno was thereafter completely dependent on the Anglo-Americans, and became a member of the Anglo-German Friendship Society [same as Anglo-German Fellowship]. In the 1930-32 drive for a Hitler dictatorship, Wilhelm Cuno contributed important sums to the Nazi Party." 1993, Ron Chernow, 'The Warburgs', p. 325: "Twice in 1930, when Hitler visited Hamburg, [Wilhelm Cuno business partner at HAPAG] Max [Warburg] noted that he had to soften his anti-Semitic rhetoric to cater to local tastes. That September, Hitler assured HAPAG chief Wilhelm Cuno that the Nazis didn't want to persecute the Jews, but just to reduce their political predominance. Cuno was so pleased by this "moderate" Hitler that he arranged for him to address the Hamburg National Club, where the latter avoided anti-Semitic themes and stressed the benefits of the Eastern conquest. In another Nazi breakthrough in business circles, Emil Georg von Stauss of Deutsche Bank invited Dr. Schacht to a private dinner at Hermann Goring's home in January 1931. The [Great] Depression nearly killed off the Warburg bank before Hitler had a chance to do so." Oct. 27, 1931, New York Times, 'Cuno Agrees to Serve on New Reich Council; Hamburg-America Chairman, Here for Industrial Meeting, Accepts [President] Hindenburg's Invitation.' July 20, 1920, New York Times, 'Germans Rejoice in Shipping Deal; Believe Harriman-HamburgAmerican Project Will Revive Their Trade. Big Shipbuilding Program; Hamburg Yards Make Extensive Preparations--Hope to ImportAmerican Steel.' Oct. 6, 1920, New York Times, 'Harriman Calls German Ship Deal Big Opportunity; Gives Full Text of Agreement Between Hamburg and American Companies. Replies to Criticisms; Says Contract Gives No Advantages to Hamburg Line in Shipments to America. Quotes Admiral Benson. Kermit Roosevelt Explains Why He Resigned as Secretary of Harriman's Company.': "W.A. Harriman, President of the American Ship and Commerce Corporation, issued a statement yesterday in which he answered recent criticisms of clauses in the contract to be made between his company and the HamburgAmerican Line for the reopening of the latter's pre-war trade routes." Oct. 10, 1920, New York Times, 'Germans Welcome Harriman Ship Deal; Hamburg-American Line Hopes to Regain Independence Through U.S. Shipping Board Vessels. They Will Propose Rates; Director Cuno Looks to Friendlier Spirit in America to Build Up German Trade.' Dec. 4, 1925, New York Times, 'Harriman to Quit Ships?; Wall Street Hears Hamburg-American Will Buy His Holdings.' 2016, Volker Ullrich, 'Hitler's Ascent 1889-1939' (translated from German): "In September 1930, Hitler met the chairman of the Hamburg-America ocean line HAPAG, the former chancellor Wilhelm Cuno, to assure him that the NSDAP would support entrepreneurial initiative and private capital, and only intervene in cases of illicitly acquired wealth." 2007, Christof Brauers, 'Die FDP in Hamburg 1945 bis 1953. Start als bürgerliche Linkspartei.' ('The FDP in Hamburg from 1945 to 1953. Started as a bourgeois left-wing party'), p. 85: Source that Keppler was a founding member of the Keppler Circle. |
Frowein, Abraham | Source(s): 1936 CCI document, 'Incoterms 1936', p. 1 (library.iccwbo.org/pdf/Incoterms_1936.pdf: (accessed Sep. 27, 2022): "Bureau de la C.C.I.: ... Presidents Honoraries: ... Abr. Frowein..."; 1938 international and national committee list: "Germany: President: Abr. Frowein."; iccgermany.de/ueber-icc-germany/geschichte/ (accessed: Sep. 27, 2022): "The increasing importance of the German National Committee was shown by the election of the German industrialist Abraham Frowein as World President in 1931. ... Abraham Frowein was re-elected President of the German Group [after WWII]..."; June 1949, '12th Congress of the International Chamber of Commerce' document (honorary president). Partner in Frowein & Co. Founding vice chair Reich Association of German Industry (RDI) 1919-. Founding chair of the RDI's cartel office 1920-. Part of the five-man RDI team that visited a 1926 conference in London with the of the five-strong German delegation Federation of British Industries. Forced out of the RDI by the Nazis. President of the German Economic Council in the British occupation zone 1946-. |
Goering, Hermann | Source(s): 1959 version (1938 original), George L. Ridgeway (associate professor of history, Wells College), 'Merchants of Peace' (1959 version contained the foreword of ICC member and Carnegie Endowment president James T. Shotwell), pp. 132-133: "The [1937 Berlin ICC] congress, in the presence of Reich Chancellor Hitler, heard Goering extol the four-year plan and Schacht excoriate the circumstances which had produced economic nationalism."; avalon.law.yale.edu/imt/07-15-46.asp (accessed: Oct. 11, 2022; 'Nuremberg Trial Proceedings Volume 18', p. 274): "Monday, 15 July 1946 [proceedings]: ... that statement at the Berlin Congress of the International Chamber of Commerce, when Schacht in the presence of Hitler, Goering..."; loc.gov/item/2005675732/ (accessed: Oct. 11, 2022; Library of Congress): "Hermann Goring's activities, May-June 1937: ... Includes views of Goring's trip to ... the opening session of the International Chamber of Commerce Conference in Berlin and reception in the Charlottenburg Palace."; officialgazette.gov.ph, 'News Summary, Philippine Magazine: June 14 – July 13, 1937': "June 28. ... Gen. Hermann Goering tells the International Chamber of Commerce meeting in Berlin that Germany’s intentions are peaceful but that it will continue to bring up its colonial problems until its urgent and legitimate desires with regard to colonies are fulfilled”." ... |
Hagen, Louis | Source(s): 1929, International Chamber of Commerce brochure, council members: "Germany - Members: Abr. Frowein, Dr. L. Ravane, Dr. h.c. Louis Hagen. Altemates: ...Paul Reusch, F. H. Witthoefft, Dr. Wilhelm Cuno." Born in 1855. Jewish. Born as Louis Levy. Joined his father's Cologne-based bank Bankhaus A. Levy & Co. Eventually took on the name of his wife, Hagen, who was the daughter of Gottfried Hagen, a Cologne metal dealer and lead pipe manufacturer. Came to run the Louis Hagen Bank concurrently. Instrumental in creating a cartel in the explosives industry in 1903. In 1913, Hagen's A. Levy & Co. ("Levybank") and Oppenheim financed the newly founded Deutscher Verlagsverein to take over the Scherl newspaper publishing house for 8 million marks in order to protect it from being acquired by a liberal publisher. In January 1908, Hagen offered his Thyssen share package to the industrialist Hugo Stinnes, who turned it down. After 1918, Louis Hagen, with Otto Wolff, Fritz Thyssen and Klockner acquired majority of shares from Deutsche Bank AG. Until 1923, Hagen, together with Otto Wolff, had the majority of the shares, which he then left to Otto Wolff alone in 1924. Hagen also had banking connections to the Eschweiler Bergwerksverein, in whose merger with the Luxembourg steel company Arbed in 1913 he played a key role, which earned him a position on the board of Arbed (of ICC member Emile Mayrisch). In 1925, Phoenix AG for mining and metallurgy found itself in a crisis caused by liquidity loans from the Darmstädter and Nationalbank and Bankhaus Levy could be averted. Louis Hagen made Bankhaus A. Levy one of the most important private bankers of the Weimar Republic. Due to his extensive financing of industrial operations, Hagen became known as the "king of supervisory boards", with only Jakob Goldschmidt, who held up to 123 supervisory board mandates, beating him. In 1912 held a total of 39 supervisory board mandates, 58 in 1927, and 93 in 1930. This is why he is known by historians - alongside Jakob Goldschmidt, who held up to 123 supervisory board mandates - the "king of supervisory boards". Louis Hagen acquired Birlinghoven Castle privately in 1904, and Mayor Konrad Adenauer first immortalized himself in its guest book on October 21, 1917. In 1919 Hagen switched to the Center Party, of which the Mayor of Cologne, Konrad Adenauer, was also a member. Became a close ally of Adenauer. In November 1922, Hagen and Mayor Adenauer founded a Cologne emergency community, which was intended to alleviate the financial plight of small pensioners affected by inflation. From 1922 on, Hagen's Bankhaus Levy was linked to Bankhaus Sal. Oppenheim in a syndicate. Hagen became a co-owner of the Oppenheim Bank in 1928. An unscrupulous speculator, Hagen brought his bank into an escalating liquidity crisis from 1929 onwards, leading him to withdraw from the Levy-Oppenheim banks and the liquidation of Bankhaus Levy, right when the Nazi's AAryanization" was around the corner as well. Hagen died in 1932. |
Hitler, Adolf | Source(s): 1959 version (1938 original), George L. Ridgeway (associate professor of history, Wells College), 'Merchants of Peace' (1959 version contained the foreword of ICC participant and Carnegie Endowment president James T. Shotwell), pp. 132-133: "The [1937 Berlin ICC] congress, in the presence of Reich Chancellor Hitler, heard Goering extol the four-year plan and Schacht excoriate the circumstances which had produced economic nationalism."; Dec. 6, 2019, The Guardian, 'This article is more than 2 years old; Google's anti-worker actions evoke IBM’s racist past': "Thomas J Watson, head of IBM and president of the International Chamber of Commerce, and members of the board of the ICC meet with Adolf Hitler in Berlin, Germany, in 1937. Photograph [Tom Watson with Hitler at the ICC]: Associated Press"; avalon.law.yale.edu/imt/07-15-46.asp (accessed: Oct. 11, 2022; 'Nuremberg Trial Proceedings Volume 18', p. 274): "Monday, 15 July 1946 [proceedings]: ... that statement at the Berlin Congress of the International Chamber of Commerce, when Schacht in the presence of Hitler, Goering..." ... |
Jessen, Fritz | Source(s): 1937, Hermann Teschemacher, 'Handbuch des Aufbaus der gewerblichen Wirtschaft', p. 437: "Deutsche Gruppe der Internationalen Handelskammer: ... Dr. Jessen, Vorstandsmitglied der Siemens & Halske AG, Berlin-Siemensstadt..." Director Deutsche Bank and the Disconto-Gesellschaft in Hamburg 1929-1931. Deputy director Siemens & Halske AG 1931-1937, full director 1937-. In 1944 he was a participant in a secret meeting of leading industrialists (steel circle). |
Knierem, August von | Source(s): 1953, U.S. Government Printing Office, 'Trials of War Criminals Before the Nuremberg Military Tribunals', Vol. 10: October 1946 - April 1949', pp. 64-65: "Von Knieriem — The defendant Johann August von Knieriem [of I.G.] Farben. ... Member ... Internationale Handelskammer (International Chamber of Commerce); Member, Ausschuss fuer Fragen internationaler Kartelle (Committee for Questions of International Cartels), Internationale Handelskammer..." wollheim-memorial.de/en/ august_von_knieriem_18871978 (accessed: Nov. 5, 2022): "He was promoted quickly at BASF, becoming an alternate board member and head of the legal department in 1923. Owing to his specialization in the field of patent and cartel law, he was part of the team working on the contracts for the I.G. Farben conglomerate in 1924 and 1925. With the establishment of I.G. Farben, von Knieriem first was made an alternate member of the managing board, and from 1932 until 1945 he served as a full member of the board. When the military situation shifted to the disadvantage of Germany, the "head of the I.G.'s legal department" took the precaution of working out the initial decartelization proposals for the enterprise in summer 1944, as it was probable “that we would be forced into a splitting up of our enterprise.” 1953, U.S. Government Printing Office, 'Trials of War Criminals Before the Nuremberg Military Tribunals', Vol. 10: October 1946 - April 1949', pp. 64-65: "Von Knieriem — The defendant Johann August von Knieriem, during the period from 1932 to 1945, was: Member of the Vorstand and of the Zentralausschuss (Central Committee); Chairman, Rechtsausschuss (Legal Committee) and Patent-Ausschuss (Patent Committee) of [IG] Farben; ... Member, Ausschuss fuer Fragen des gewerblichen Rechtsschutzes (Committee for Questions of Legal Protection of Industry) ; Internationale Handelskammer (International Chamber of Commerce); Member, Ausschuss fuer Fragen internationaler Kartelle (Committee for Questions of International Cartels), Internationale Handelskammer; Member, Kaiser Wilhelm Gesellschaft (Kaiser Wilhelm Society)..." 1952, NMT report, 'Trials of War Criminals Before the Nuremberg Military Tribunal', pp. 1195-1196: "There can be no doubt that the Defendant Schmitz, Chairman of the vorstand, and the other vorstand members not previously mentioned, namely, the Defendants von Schnitzler, von Knieriem, Haefliger, Ilgner, Mann, and Oster, all knew that slave labor was being employed on an extensive role under the forced labor program of the Third Reich. Schmitz twice reported to the Aufsichtsrat on the manpower problems of Farben pointing out that it had become neoessary to make up for the shortage of workers by employment of foreigners and prisoners of war. This evidence does not establish that Farben was taking the initiative in the illegal employment of prisoners of war. Neither Schmitz nor any of the members of the vorstand here under discussion were shown to have ever exercised functions in the allocation or recruitment of compulsory labor. We cannot say that it has been proved that initiative in the procurement of concentration camp inmates was ever exercised by these defendants. The proof does not establish to our satisfaction that, in approving the Auschwitz project, the vorstand considered the employment of concentration camp inmates to be one of the factors entering into the decision for the location of the Auschwitz plant. It is not even clearly established that they knew inmates would be so used at the time of giving such approval. ... We cannot hold that they are responsible criminally for the occasional acts of mistreatment of labor employed in the various Farben plants nor do we consider these defendants to be responsible for the occurrences at the Auschwitz construction site." Dec. 1945, Senate Committee on Military Affairs, 'Elimination of German Resources for War', part 7 on I. G. Farben, pp. 943-944: "I. G. Farben, nominally a private business enterprise, has been and is, in fact, a colossal empire serving the German State as one of the principal industrial cores around which successive German drives for world conquest have been organized. With a net worth of RM. 6,000,000,000 at the very minimum, its domestic participations comprised over 380 other German firms. Its factories, power installations, and mines are scattered all over Germany. It owns its own lignite and bituminous coal mines, electric power plants, coke ovens, magnite, gypsum, and salt mines. Its foreign participations, both admitted and concealed, number over 500 firms valued at a minimum of RM. 1,000,000,000. Its holding companies and plants blanket Europe; and its house banks, research firms, and patent offices are clustered around every important commercial and industrial center in both hemispheres. In addition to its numerous foreign subsidiaries, I. G.'s world-wide affiliations included hundreds of separate non- German concerns and ranged over a score of industries. Its cartel agreements numbered over 2,000 and included such major industrial concerns as Standard Oil (New Jersey), the Aluminum Co. of America, E. I. du Pont de Nemours, Ethyl Export Corp., Imperial Chemical Industries (Great Britain), the Dow Chemical Co., Rohm & Haas, Etablissments Kuhlmann (France), and the Mitsui interests of Japan. |
Lindemann, Karl | Source(s): iccgermany.de/ueber-icc-germany/geschichte/ (accessed: Sep. 27, 2022): "Frowein was forced by the National Socialists to resign as President of the German Group. The appointment of a new president by the state was averted by the election of the entrepreneur and member of the presidium of the German group, Karl Lindemann..."; 1945, Senate Committee on Military Affairs, 'Elimination of German Resources for War', p. 820: "Gesellschaft zur Fordering des Institute Handelskammer, Berlin (International Chamber of Commerce)--Chairman." 1945, Senate Committee on Military Affairs, 'Elimination of German Resources for War', pp. 819-820: "Karl Lindemann, a director of the Dresdner Bank, Germany’s second largest banking institution, is also a member of the advisory board of the Deutsche Reichsbank. In addition to holding these important posts Lindemann is the owner of C. Melchers & Co., assumedly a private banking house. 1959 version (1938 original), George L. Ridgeway (associate professor of history, Wells College), 'Merchants of Peace' (1959 version contained the foreword of ICC member and Carnegie Endowment president James T. Shotwell)': "The survival of the ICC during World War II is good evidence of the basic interest of all governments in foreign trade as well as of the
respect in which the ICC was held. Throughout the war the Chamber proved able to keep its Paris office intact and to function, from its president’s office in neutral Stockholm, as a center for private postwar economic planning. 1952, U.S. Government Printing Office, 'Trials of War Criminals Before the Nuernberg Military Tribunals', Vol. VI: Oct. 1946 - April 1949, pp. 301-317, testimony of Karl Lindemann: "Q. And now, Witness, I would like to ask you some questions about an organization called the Circle of Friends of Himmler, or the Keppler Circle. You were a member of that organization, were you not? 1952, U.S. Government Printing Office, 'Trials of War Criminals Before the Nuernberg Military Tribunals', Vol. VI: Oct. 1946 - April 1949, pp. 297-298, 28 January 1947 affidavit of Otto Ohlendorf: "I, Otto Ohlendorf, former Ministerial Director in the Reich Ministry of Economics, SS Major General and Chief of Department III in the Reich Security Main Office... [I] declare the following: |
Luer, Carl | Source(s): 1937, Hermann Teschemacher, 'Handbuch des Aufbaus der gewerblichen Wirtschaft', p. 437 (member "Deutsche Gruppe der Internationalen Handelskammer"); 1938 international and national committee list: "Germany: President: Abr. Frowein. Members of the Council: Dr. Ernst Poensgen... Dr. Karl Luer ... Kurt Freiherr von Schroeder..." Director of the Dupont/General Motors-owned Opel AG in Germany from at least 1938 to 1940, alongside Alfred Sloan Jr. and James D. Mooney, as well as chairman Wilhelm von Opel. In 1940 Luer became president of Opel AG. Sloan and Mooney kept sitting on the board of directors until at least 1941. From November 1942 to May 1945 Luer served as "custodian" of Opel, which continued to be a major war producer for Nazi Germany. In fact, in August 1944 a 1,400-plane RAF bombing mission attacked a 35,000-worker Opel plant that was continuing to produce crucial military transport vehicles and rocket technology. After the war, General Motors was compensated by the U.S. government for the destruction of thee Nazi assets. Dec. 6, 2006, Jerusalem Post, 'Hitler's carmaker': "During the late 1930s, Hitler's persecution of Jews was building to a frenzy even as fears of a war escalated. Nevertheless, General Motors' German automotive subsidiary, Opel, remained a loyal corporate citizen of the Third Reich - content to obediently do the Nazi regime's bidding, and unstintingly supporting Hitler's program on many fronts. These included economic and employment recovery, anti-Jewish persecution, war preparedness and domestic propaganda. In return, Opel prospered. Hitler was pleased - very pleased. In 1938, just months after the Nazis' annexation of Austria, James D. Mooney, head of GM's overseas operations, received the German Eagle with Cross, the highest medal Hitler awarded to foreign commercial collaborators and supporters. ... 1984, Timothy P. O'Hanlon, 'General motors, Nazis, and the demise of urban rail transit': "In 1974, the U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee's Subcommittee on Antitrust and Monopoly conducted hearings on concentration in America's ground transportation industries. A considerable portion of the testimony and supporting materials was related to a controversial report written by then Subcommittee staffer Bradford Snell. Snell cited General Motors as an example of a corporation that was powerful enough to adversely affect the national welfare by merely pursuing its own economic interests. The report stated that the G.M. owned Opel plant in Germany made a significant contribution to the Nazi war effort. Snell also accused the company of pursuing transportation policies that had a major effect on the demise of electric urban rail mass transit systems in the United States. General Motors voiced strong opposition to Snell's charges and presented considerable testimony in rebuttal." |
Mendelssohn, Franz von | Source(s): iccgermany.de/ueber-icc-germany/geschichte/ (accessed: Sep. 27, 2022): "This is how the German National Committee was founded in 1925. The first president of the "German Group of the International Chamber of Commerce" was Franz von Mendelssohn..." Chaired the German Industry and Commerce Association in 1925, when he was appointed the first president of the ICC's German committee. |
Poensgen, Ernst | Source(s): 1937, Hermann Teschemacher, 'Handbuch des Aufbaus der gewerblichen Wirtschaft', p. 437: "Deutsche Gruppe der Internationalen Handelskammer: ... Direktor Dr.-Ing. e. b. Ernst Poensgen..."; 1938 international and national committee list: "Germany: President: Abr. Frowein. Members of the Council: Dr. Ernst Poensgen... Dr. Karl Luer ... Kurt Freiherr von Schroeder..." .... |
Reusch, Paul | Source(s): 2005, Walther Killy and Rudolf Vierhaus, 'Dictionary of German Biography: Volume 8', p. 272: "Reusch, Paul ... held a seat on the administrative board of the International Chamber of Commerce from 1924 to 1931..."; 1929, International Chamber of Commerce brochure, council members: "Germany - Members: Abr. Frowein, Dr. L. Ravane, Dr. h.c. Louis Hagen. Alternates: ...Paul Reusch, F. H. Witthoefft, Dr. Wilhelm Cuno." 1868-1956. German steel industralist of the Weimar Republic and Nazi Germany. Key founder in 1919 of the Essener Montagsgesellschaft / Essen Monday Club, a precursor to the Ruhrlade, with Fritz Thyssen and Gustav Krupp among fellow founders. The group was disbanded during the 1923-1925 Ruhr occupation after Germany defaulted on paying its WWI debts. Member Industrie Club Dusseldorf, together with Fritz Thyssen, August Thyssen, Gustav Krupp and otjer industrialists. 2005, Walther Killy and Rudolf Vierhaus, 'Dictionary of German Biography: Volume 8', p. 272: "Reusch, Paul ... In 1905 R. became a member of the board of directors of the Gutehoffnungshutte iron- and steelworks in Oberhausen; he took over as chairman of the board in 1909 and later as managing director. Under his management, the company expanded into processing after World War I and became a mixed concern. R. was a co-founder of the Deutsche Werft shipyard in 1918 and acquired numerous shareholdings fore Gutehoffnungshutte AG, including a majority stake in the Augsburg-Nuremberg Machine Factory (MAN) in 1921 as well as in three newspapers in southern Germany (including the Munchner Neueste Nachrichten). As chairman of the "northwest group" of the Association of German Steel Industrialists from 1924 to 1930 and as the holder of numerous other leading positions in heavy industry, R. was one of the most influential industrialists of the Weimar Republic. He belonged to the leaership of the Association for the Protection of the Common Economic Interests of the Rhineland and Westphalia and the presiding committee of the National Federation of German Industry (1923-1933). ... He held a seat on the administrative board of the International Chamber of Commerce from 1924 to 1931 and of the of the International Settlement Bank in Basel [1930-1938]. R. was involved in the foundation of the Bundes zur Erneuerung des Reiches / League for the Revival of the Empire (1928), which pressed for the dismantling of parliamentary democracy. For a short period in 1932 he supported collaboration with the NSDAP but found himself increasingly in opposition to the regime after 1933 over matters of economic policy; in 1942 he was forced to reign from his offices." |
Schacht, Hjalmar | Source(s): 1959 version (1938 original), George L. Ridgeway (associate professor of history, Wells College), 'Merchants of Peace' (1959 version contained the foreword of ICC member and Carnegie Endowment president James T. Shotwell), pp. 132-133: "The [1937 Berlin ICC] congress, in the presence of Reich Chancellor Hitler, heard Goering extol the four-year plan and Schacht excoriate the circumstances which had produced economic nationalism."; gettyimages.nl/detail/nieuwsfoto's/ schacht-hjalmar-financier-politician-nsdap-germany22-01-nieuwsfotos/541783905: "30 juni 1937 ... Schacht, Hjalmar [at the] Congress of the International Chamber of Commerce in Berlin, reception of the ICC in the Berlin Castle, the President of the Reichsbank Schacht welcoming members of the IC."; avalon.law.yale.edu/imt/07-15-46.asp (accessed: Oct. 11, 2022; 'Nuremberg Trial Proceedings Volume 18', p. 274): "Monday, 15 July 1946: ... that statement at the Berlin Congress of the International Chamber of Commerce, when Schacht in the presence of Hitler, Goering, and other exponents of the Government called out to the assembly: "Believe me, my friends, all nations desire to live, not to die!"" avalon.law.yale.edu/imt/07-15-46.asp (accessed: Oct. 11, 2022; 'Nuremberg Trial Proceedings Volume 18'): "Monday, 15 July 1946: ... Schacht was opposed to the Treaty of Versailles, says the Prosecution. That he was indeed. The Prosecution does not hold this opposition in itself against him. However, it concludes from this that Schacht wanted to do away with the treaty by force. Schacht favored colonial activity, says the Prosecution. He did so indeed. They do not reproach him for this, either, but conclude from this fact that he wanted to conquer the colonies by force, and so it goes on."" |
Schnitzler, Georg von | Source(s): 1937, Hermann Teschemacher, 'Handbuch des Aufbaus der gewerblichen Wirtschaft', p. 437: "Deutsche Gruppe der Internationalen Handelskammer: ... Dr. Georg von Schnitzler, Direktion der I.G. Farbenindustrie AG, Frankfurt a. Main...."; 1953, U.S. Government Printing Office, 'Trials of War Criminals Before the Nuernberg Military Tribunals', Vol. VII: '"The I.G. Farben Case"': October 1945 - April 1949, pp. 62-63: "VON SCHNITZLER--The defendant Georg Augusat Eduard von Schnitzler... Member, Deutsch-Franzoesische Gesellschaft (German-French Society); Member, Directorate, Deutsche Gruppe der Internationalen Handelskammer... " Great-grandson (estimatel not checked in detail yet) of Karl Eduard Schnitzler (1792-1864), who married into the Stein family and became a partner in the JH Stein banking house in 1822. |
Schroeder, Baron Kurt von | Source(s): 1937, Hermann Teschemacher, 'Handbuch des Aufbaus der gewerblichen Wirtschaft', p. 437: "Deutsche Gruppe der Internationalen Handelskammer: ... Kurt Frhr. von Schroder, Prasident der Industrie- und Handelskammer Koln."; 1938 international and national committee list: "Germany: President: Abr. Frowein. Members of the Council: Dr. Ernst Poensgen... Dr. Karl Luer ... Kurt Freiherr von Schroeder..." .... |
Belgian ICC names
Empain, Baron Edouard | Source(s): Aug. 1920, Advocate of Peace (international relations journal founded in 1837), p. 278, 'The International Chamber of Commerce': "At the meeting held in Paris, in the latter part of June at which 450 delegates from Belgium, Great Britain, France, Italy, and the United States were present, an International Chamber of Commerce was organized, with ... Baron Edouard Empain the Belgian ... vice-president."; 1929, International Chamber of Commerce brochure, council members: "Council ... Belgium- Members: Louis CANON - LEGRAND, Alexandre DE GROOTE, William Thys. Alternates: Alfred DE BROUCKERE, Baron Edouard EMPAIN, Joseph MARCOTTY..." .... |
Janssen, Baron Albert-Edouard | Source(s): 1936 CCI document, 'Incoterms 1936', p. 1 (library.iccwbo.org/pdf/Incoterms_1936.pdf: (accessed Sep. 27, 2022): "Bureau de la C.C.I.: ... Vice-Presidents: ... Belgique: Albert-Edouard Janssen..."; 1959 version (1938 original), George L. Ridgeway (associate professor of history, Wells College), 'Merchants of Peace' (1959 version contained the foreword of Carnegie Endowment president James T. Shotwell)', p. 75: "... the active leaders in the International Chamber were, in addition to Young, Robinson, and Pirelli ... and Albert E. Janssen (Belgium, McKenna committee)."; June 1949, '12th Congress of the International Chamber of Commerce' document (vice president for Belgium and chair of the national committee). President Societe Belge de Banque. Apparently of the same family as Bilderberger visitor and important Club of Rome member Baron Daniel Janssen. |
Theunis, Georges | Source(s): 1936 CCI document, 'Incoterms 1936', p. 1 (library.iccwbo.org/pdf/Incoterms_1936.pdf: (accessed Sep. 27, 2022): "Bureau de la C.C.I.: ... Presidents Honoraries: ... George Theunis..."; June 1949, '12th Congress of the International Chamber of Commerce' document (honorary president). Prime minister Belgium 1921-1925. Started his career at Groupe Empain. Board Societe Generale. |
French ICC names
Clementel, Etienne | Source(s): Aug. 1920, Advocate of Peace (international relations journal founded in 1837), p. 278, 'The International Chamber of Commerce': "An International Chamber of Commerce was organized, with Etienne Clementel ... as president." French minister of commerce 1915-1919, finance 1924-1925. |
Duchemin, Rene P. | Source(s): 1938 national committee list (chair French committee). Kuhlmann-Chemiewerke. September 18, 1944, Time, 'Foreign News: Tally Ho!': "Among industrialists arrested or marked for arrest: René Duchemin (French Employers Federation [and IGF Francolor / IG Farben Francolor]), Joseph Trotard (Francolor, an I. G. Farben stooge), François Lehideux (auto magnate, ex-Vichy Production Minister), Hypolite Worms (banker)." 1978, Joseph Borkin, 'The Crime and Punishment of I.G. Farben', pp. 84, 86: "I.G. gathered intelligence from its employees in Paris about the leaders of the French industry with whom it would eventually have to deal. The most intriguing information concerned Joseph Frossard, Bosch's "trump card" at Versailles. He was now the leading figure in Kuhlmann, along with René Duchemin. ... |
Ferasson, Louis | Source(s): 1938 national committee list for France Managing director of the Industrial Bank of North Africa. Chair Chamber of Commerce in Paris 1936-1940. Member of the National Council of the collaborist Vichy government Jan.-Nov. 1941. |
Fougere, Etienne | Source(s): 1927 ICC, Report of the Trade Barriers Committee': "Alternates: Etienne Fougere, P. Kempf, Paul Roger..."; 1931, issue 76, ICC brochure: "France - Members: Jules Godet, Robert Masson, Eugene Schneider. - Alternate: Andre Gaudet, Etienne Fougere, Henri de Peyerimhof de Fontanelle."; 1938 national committee list for France. Silk Industrialist very active in employer's organizations. Second governor of the French district of Rotary International 1927-1930. Founding member of the 1926-founded Deutsch-Französisches Studienkomitee / German-French Study Committee, with leading French and German industrialists. |
Giscard d'Estaing, Edmond | Source(s): 1936 CCI document, 'Incoterms 1936', p. 1 (library.iccwbo.org/pdf/Incoterms_1936.pdf: (accessed Sep. 27, 2022): "Bureau de la C.C.I.: ... Vice-Presidents: ... France: Edmond Giscard d'Estaing..."; 1938 intenational and national committees list (national committee president for Indochina); June 1949, '12th Congress of the International Chamber of Commerce' document: "Vice-Presidents: ... France: Edmond Giscard d'Estaing, President, Societe Financiere..."; 1959 version (1938 original), George L. Ridgeway, 'Merchants of Peace', p. 272: "Edmond Giscard d'Estaing, chairman of the French delegation to the ICC 1951 congress in Lisbon." 1896-1986. Director of finance at the French High Commission in the Rhineland 1921-1926. Subsequently carried out financial missions in Czechoslovakia, Germany, and in French West Africa. Son-in-law of Jacques Bardoux, a senator from Puy-de-Dome, 400km south of Paris, 1938-1944, and an MP 1945-1955. Mayor Puy-de-Dome 1931-1946, where he lived in Chateau de Varvasse. Chair/president Societe Financiere Francaise et Coloniale 1935-1973. Director Credit Foncier de l'Indochine in the 1930s. Alleged member of the Mouvement Synarchique d'Empire. Chairman French Concessionaire Company for the construction of the tunnel under Mont Blanc 1957-1966. Member l'Institut de l'Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques 1960-, president in 1969. Chair France-America Committee 1964-1966. Director Air France 1970-1976. Dec. 3, 2020, The Guardian, 'Valery Giscard d’Estaing obituary': "Although Giscard’s father was a strong supporter of the Nazi collaborationist Vichy government and was decorated by its leader, Marshal Philippe Petain, Giscard declared his support of the exiled De Gaulle and was drafted into the French Second Armoured Division as a brigadier after it landed in Normandy in 1944." Alleged member of the Mouvement Synarchique d'Empire (source: 2006, Annie Lacroix-Riz, 'The Choice of Defeat, the French Elites in the 1930s', p. 37). The key Synarchist banks in Vichy France, reportedly, were Lazard Bank of Jean Frederic Bloch Laine, the Banque Worms of Jacques Barnaud, and the Credit Foncier de l'Ouest Africain, and the Credit Foncier d'Indochine of Edmond Giscard d'Estaing. 2006, Annie Lacroix-Riz, 'The Choice of Defeat, the French Elites in the 1930s': "Worms Hypolite, banker and shipowner. The following lists broadens the scope beyond the Worms, Lehideux, Indochina Banks and the "Nervo Group" which, according to a "serious" source, had dominated the "Synararchic Empire Movement" founded in 1922. He counted, with Hypolite Worms and Jacques Bernaud, at least "four twelve" founders of the "Synarchic Movement of Empire" (numbers 1 and 4 to 6): Father of Valery and Oliver Giscard d'Estaing, the former the president of France 1974-1981. |
Mercier, Ernest | Source(s): 1936 CCI document, 'Incoterms 1936', p. 1 (library.iccwbo.org/pdf/Incoterms_1936.pdf: (accessed Sep. 27, 2022): "Bureau de la C.C.I.: ... President de la Commission du Budget: Ernest Mercier, President, Societe Lyonnaise des Eaux..."; NOT on a 1938 national committee list. 1878-1955. President Societe Lyonnaise des Eaux, part of the SUEZ Group in the 21st century. Director of the French Petroleum Company (CFP), the forerunner of Total. Member of the 1926-founded Deutsch-Franzosisches Studienkomitee / German-French Study Committee, with leading French and German industrialists. Tied to the technocrat group Groupe X-Crise. Founded group Redressement Francais (1925-1935) that was anti-parliamentarian, anti-state intervention into the economy and in favor of a "government of authority". Became an enemy of the Nazis in 1940. 1945, Andre Ferrat, 'La Republique a Refaire', p. 212: "The second, the Circle of the Redressement Francais, had in its direction: the Comite des Forges represented by its delegate Mr. Lambert-Ribot; the Union of Metallurgical and Mining Industries with Mr. Waleffe; Industries Electriques with M. Mercier, etc." |
Monnet, Jean | Source(s): 2016, Andrew Smith (University of Liverpool Management School) a.o., 'The Impact of the First World War on International Business', Chapter 5, writting by Clotilde Druelle-Korn (University of Limoges): "In April 1919, Jean Monnet, Special Representative of the French Minister of Commerce [Etienne Clementel] with the Allied bodies, informed his superior [Clementel] that Edward A. Filene and Edward G. Miner were in France. He had been introduced to them by Thomas [W.] Lamont, the J.P. Morgan banker ... at the Peace Conference. Joined in their mission by Alfred C. Bedford ... they were pursuing several goals: promoting the idea of an International Chamber of Commerce... To achieve these goals, they suggested a mission including a delegation of prominent businessmen from France, Great Britain, Belgium and Italy who would set sail without delay for North America, at the expense of the U.S. Chamber of Commerce... Etienne Clementel (1864-1936), the well-established head of the French Commerce and Industry Ministry, understood the advantages of the offer." "Europe's founder." 1978, Jean Monnet, 'Memoirs': "Nothing is possible without men; nothing is lasting without institutions." Born in Cognac, France in 1888, in a family of cognac merchants. Abandoned his university-entrance examinations in 1904. Worked in the City of London at J.G. Monnet & Co., his father's company London branch 1904-1906. Represented J.G. Monnet abroad in Scandinavia, Russia, Egypt, Canada, and the United States 1906-1914. Sent to Canada in 1910 to open new markets for the family business. Here he hooked up with the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) and the Lazard Freres banking house. Due to his negotiations, J.G. Monnet's subsidiary United Vineyard Proprietors Co. started shipping large amounts of brandy to HBC, which this company sold on to the Native Indians, a trade prohibited by law. When WWI broke out Monnet tested unfit for military service. In September 1914, one month after WWI started, through his father amd jos HBC and Lazard connections, Monnet managed to meet up with France's prime minister René Viviani. He convinced Viviani of a plan to coordinate the use of Allied ships bringing supplies to beleaguered France. As a result, Monnet was sent to London to set up the International Supply Commission, which organized the Anglo-French pool of ships to supply the Allied forces in France. In London Monnet arranged a $200 million contract for HBC to ship 13 million tons of goods to France on which HBC would take a 1% commission. Chef de Cabinet to France's economics minister Etienne Clementel in 1916. In 1917 he was instrumental in setting up the Inter-Allied Maritime Transport Council, to further improve the coordination of Allied shipping. He wanted this council to have full authority, but didn't get his way. He had, however, created his first supranational body. Before creating the Inter-Allied Maritime Transport Council, he had diner with Arthur Salter, who would become his lifelong friend, discussing the creation of this supranational body. Salter was a person closely involved with Quigley's Roundtable and his ideas of a federal Europe, which he would write down in 1931, would be adopted by Monnet, almost to the letter. Salter mentioned he was part of "small and secret committee" of economists who advised multiple prime ministers up to the outbreak of WWII. Assistent to French minister of commerce and industry Etienne Clementel at the Paris Peace Conference at Versailles in 1919. First deputy secretary-general of the League of Nations 1919-1923. 1969, Merry Bromberger, 'Jean Monnet and the United States of Europe', p. 16: "We'll have to requisition French ships that are making a fortune in the Far East while our cargo boats carrying gasoline and vital supplies in the North Sea and in the Atlantic are being sunk by the German submarines," Monnet explained in 1915 to Etienne Clementel, the Minister of Commerce. Clementel accepted Monnet's idea and made him a member of his staff." No. 1, 1977, UNESCO, International Social Science Journal (published quarterly), Pierre Gerbet, 'Approaches to the Study of International Organizations', pp. 18-19, 82: "On the proposal of the French Minister of Trade, Etienne Clementel, his representative in London, Jean Monnet, and a British senior official, Arthur Salter, 'Executive Commissions' were set up, first of all for wheat, then for oils and fats, meat and sugar, under the authority of the Inter-Allied Provisions Council. An Allied Maritime Transport Council was established, with an Executive Commission the members of which included Salter, Monnet, an Italian, Attolico, and, subsequently, an American. ... From the spring of 1918 they thus controlled the movements and food cargoes of all Allied and neutral ships... 1999, Cambridge University Press, Michael J. Hogan, 'The Ambiguous Legacy: U.S. Foreign Relations in the 'American Century'', p. 57, Chapter 2, "Empire by Invitation" in the American Century by Geir Lundestad: "As Michael J. Hogan [in 'Informal Entente' (1977)] has argued, the British wanted to "transform the economic agencies of the wartime coalition into semipermanent reconstruction and relief councils." These councils were to have administrative control over American and other Allied resources... Hogan states that the British had the "support" of the French government when they pressed for the continuation of the wartime councils. It actually seems, however, that the French, led by trade minister Etienne Clementel, himself inspired by his young representative in London, Jean Monnet, pushed this course even harder than the British. [9]" 1996, Oxford University Press, William R. Keylor (professor of international relations and history at Boston University), 'The Twentieth-century World: An International History', p. 79: "The French minister of commerce, Etienne Clementel, assisted by his enterprising young representative in London, Jean Monnet, mounted a vigorous campaign during the winter of 1918–19 to persuade American and British officials to extend this system of wartime economic cooperation to the postwar period." 1994, Andrea Bosco and Cornelia Navari, 'Chatham House and British Foreign Policy 1919-1945', p. 100: "The integrationist patterns identified by Mark Trachtenberg in French post-war reconstruction planning by Etienne Clementel, Jean Monnet, and Henri Hauser, are paralleled in British proposals and plans by [Sir Maurice] Hankey, [Philip] Kerr [the 11th Marquess of Lothian], and [Sir] Arthur Salter." 1981, Max Kohstamm, 'Jean Monnet: The Power of the Imagination', Issue 5 , p. 12: "Powel wished to keep the Allied Executives in being, and he was fully in agreement with Etienne Clementel, Minister of Commerce, when the latter declared: 'It is a complete illusion to hope to restore world equilibrium merely by means of the law of supply and demand.' Clementel accepted Monnet's idea and made him a member of his staff. But the suggestion caused such a commotion that the minister, de Monzie, resigned in protest." 1998, Manfred Boemeke and Gerald D. Feldman, 'The Treaty of Versailles: A Reassessment After 75 Years', p. 373: "In 1916 an Inter-Allied Wheat Executive had pooled Allied wheat purchases and shipping. The Allied Maritime Transport Council began to coordinate Allied shipping and supplies through an executive body as well as through munitions and food councils in March 1918. Thus emerged the first Allied international organization. Its personnel, among them Jean Monnet and Arthur Salter, pursued the concept of international economic planning by means of supranational organizations after the war. The success of the food exports to the European Allies and shipping control in 1918 also resulted to a considerable extent from Herbert Hoover's work as food administrator in the United States. ... As early as the spring of 1916, Secretary of Commerce Etienne Clementel had proposed the establishment of a postwar economic bloc to England. Yet the powers that participated in the resulting inter-Allied Paris Economic Conference from June 13-17, 1916, refrained from antagonizing the United States by such a far-reaching endeavor and merely endorsed postwar inter-Allied preferences for supplies of raw materials and denial of-most-favored-nation status to the Central Powers." 1995, American Council for Jean Monnet Studies, Clifford P. Hackett, 'Monnet and the Americans: The Father of a United Europe and His U.S. Supporters', pp. 2, 268: "Of the essays in this volume, one describes Monnet's long and close relations with John Foster Dulles which began the Versailles Peace Conference. Later, sealing the friendship, Dulles loaned Monnet and a partner money in 1935 to go into investment banking themselves instead of working for others. In Versailles Monnet also met Walter Lippmann, later to become a close journalist friend... Apr. 27, 1959, Time, 'The Administration: The New Secretary': "At the Versailles peace conference, where he met two other promising diplomats named Foster and Allen Dulles, Herter served as aide to U.S. Delegate Joseph Clark Grew. After Versailles, he was in on the birth of foreign aid, traveling around hungry, war-torn Europe as an assistant to Food Commissioner Herbert Hoover. When Hoover became Commerce Secretary under Harding in 1921, he tapped Herter as an assistant. 1999, James Srodes, 'Allen Dulles: Master of Spies', p. 87: "The eight months that encompassed the arrival of the first delegations in late November 1918 until the treaty was formally signed on June 28, 1919 gave both Allen and Foster Dulles credentials and acquaintances of the first rank in American foreign affairs. ... Both were extraordinariliy young for the responsibilities they took on; Allen was twenty-give, and Foster would celebrate his thirtieth birthday in Paris. [Others present included:] Herbert Hoover, George Marshall, Bernard Baruch, Adolph Berle, Christian Herter, journalist Walter Lippmann... Statesmen such as Andre Tardieu and Louis Loucher of France and John Maynard Ketnes, Anthony Eden, and Harold Nicolson of Britain dated their first acquaintance with the brothers Dulles from the months they spent in Paris..." 2014, Strobe Talbott, 'Monnet's Brandy and Europe's Fate': "Within three years, Monnet was helping Etienne Clementel, the French minister of commerce and industry, develop a proposal for a postwar “new economic order” but open to other European countries as well. The allies rejected that proposal at Versailles, but by then Monnet had patrons at the highest levels in Paris and London. When the League of Nations was established in 1919, they arranged for him to become its deputy secretary-general. Unfortunately, the unanimity principle under which the League was supposed to make decisions and take action kept it from doing much of either, and it was doomed almost from the start. Disillusioned, Monnet quit his post in 1923 to help his father cope with the family business, which was struggling. ... 2009, Neil Wynn, 'The A to Z from the Great War to the Great Depression', pp. 160-161: "Lamont, Thomas William (1870-1948): ... Became ... a partner in J. P. Morgan and Co. in 1911. He became chairman of the board in 1943. ... In 1917, Lamont joined the Liberty Loan committee to aid the Treasury selling war bonds. He was also appointed as an unofficial advisor to the Allies and served as a Treasury representative at the Versailles Peace Conference in 1918. In 1924, Lamont was involved in drafting the Dawes Plan and in 1929 the Young Plan... Lamont also headed a commission to deal with the problem of Mexico's debts, and he took part in a consortium established to lend money to China and Japan." 1997, Charles R. Geisst, 'Wall Street: A History', p. 148: "Morgan himself was too gruff and straight-forward to be much of a diplomat, but his colleagues proved much more adept. Thomas Lamont, who became involved in international affairs during the last year of the war, became Wilson's most trusted adviser during the Versailles peace conference that began in 1919. ... Wilson valued his counsel more than that of the other Morgan men who were plentiful at the conference. Bernard Baruch jealously remarked that there were so many Morgan men at the conference that it was apparent they were indeed running the show. [20] This was the beginning of a long relationship that Morgan partners would have with the government and later with the Federal Reserve as well. Wilson's reliance upon bankers opened a new era in banking-government relations. Once openly critical of the money trust and the concentration of economic power it fostered, he came to rely, albeit somewhat late, upon its long list of connections with foreign heads of governments and foreign bankers." history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/ frus1919Parisv11/d79 (accessed: Nov. 30, 2022): "Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, The Paris Peace Conference, 1919, Volume XI: ... 'Stenographic Report of Meeting Between the President, the Commissioners, and the Technical Advisers of the American Commission to Negotiate Peace, Hotel Crillon, Paris, June 3, 1919, at 11 o’clock a.m., Paris, June 3, 1919': March 2006 document, European University Institute: Historical Archives of the European Union, 'JMAS: Jean Monnet American Sources', p. 6, 'JMAS.A-01 Dwight Morrow Papers: 1919-1926': "Jean Monnet's initial contact with Dwight Morrow was through the Allied Maritime Transport Council (AMTC), established in 1917, in which Morrow was involved. This Council was later absorbed into the new Supreme Economic Council in 1919. Monnet was the French representative in the Council's supply section. Morrow and the Dulles brothers, John Foster and Allen were also involved with this Council. Morrow's relationship with Monnet continued because of their interest and participation in the world of banking and finance. Monnet upon his resignation from the post of Deputy Secretary General of the League of Nations, got together a consortium, which included Morrow and John Foster Dulles as lawyer to negotiate a Polish loan in 1927 and in 1928 did the same for Rumania." 1982, Professor Joseph Charles Kiger (University of Alabama), 'Research Institutions and Learned Societies', p. 190: "Council on Foreign Relations, Inc. The council was started by a group of Americans at the Versailles Peace Conference who felt that the U.S. delegation had not been as well prepared for some of the problems that came up as it ought to have been and that in the years to come there would be a growing need for Americans to understand international issues. In May and June, 1919, they met with a group of British colleagues and agreed to form a bnational Institute of International Affairs. This did not work out, but it did lead to the creation of two separate national bodies: the Royal Intitute of International Affairs ( known as Chatham House ) and the Council on Foreign Relations , Inc. , which was established under the laws of the State of New York in August, 1921. The American body was made up of the Paris group, somewhat enlarged, and an informal organization that had met in New York sinc elate 1918 to discuss international events. The purpose of the organization was and is to improve the understanding of international issues and thereby to contribute to the shaping of enlightened American policy. The group that met in Paris included leading academic experts who had been attached to the " Inquiry , " the expert staff organized by Colonel House to advise President Wilson at the peace conference (such as George Louis Beer, Archibald C. Coolidge, Clive Day, Charles Haskins, Manley Hudson, Charles Seymour, and James T. Shotwell), and also people of business and political background who had been working on the Commission to Negotiate Peace, such as General Tasker H. Bliss, Herbert Hoover, Thomas W. Lamont, Christian A. Herter, Whitney H. Shepardson, and Colonel House himself. The group in New York with which they merged had a strong business orientation. This mixture of people of differing backgrounds and activities has continued to characterize both the membership of the council and the makeup of its study or discussion groups." Autumn 1980, no. 4, M. L. Dockrill for RIIA's International Affairs magazine, pp. 665-672, 'Historical Note: The Foreign Office and the 'Proposed Institute of International Affairs 1919': "The establishment of an Institute for International Affairs was initiated by members of the British and American delegations at the Paris Peace Conference in May 1919. It received the blessings of senior members of both delegations, Lord Robert Cecil [1] and the Americans, Colonel Edward House, [2] Henry White [3] and General Tasker H. Bliss. [4] Lionel Curtis, [5 ... Secretary to Lord Milner in South Africa in 1900; Co-founder of The Round Table and editor, 1909; Colonial Office member of British League of Nations section in Paris, 1919...] who was to become a leading enthusiast for the scheme, noted that although it was 'unofficial', the institute was intended to be 'strictly of the nature of public service connected with [the] objects of the present Peace Conference'. [6] Aug. 25, 1924, Time, 'Education: Frothy Utterances': "And so to Exhibit B of the week. Sir Arthur Salter's round table had been pouring over the League of Nations for days. There had been dissension." May 30, 2019, Chatham House, 'The Hotel Majestic and the Origins of Chatham House': "On 30 May 1919, at the Hotel Majestic in Paris, the idea for the Royal Institute of International Affairs began to take shape. A group of scholars, attending the Paris Peace Conference as members of the American and British delegations, were brought together by Lionel Curtis... 2006, Ellen McClay, 'In The Presence of Our Enemies', p. 189: "Columnist Westbrook Pegler had a worked for both the Lamont seniors, saying: "Mrs. Lamont once was described by Herbert Hoover as the reddest American at the Versailles peace conference where she had no business whatever but that of a well-heeled, pestiferous harridan. Old Tom was a gutless, hand washing office boy and little brother of the rich. He died without showing the spark of manhood..." Many years earlier, in 1924, Huxley took Corliss Lamont, the youngest son of Thomas under his wing at Oxford. ... Carroll Quigley ... described Lamont as the chief link "between Wall Street and the Left, especially the communists. [Corliss] with the full support of his parents, was one of the chief ... spokesmen for the Soviet point of view both in these organizations... Eventually Corliss ... was indicted on 23 counts for contempt of Congress in 1954, following his appearance before a Congressional committee investigating Communist activities, particularly in regard to the so-called Institute of Pacific Relations." Sep. 19, 1934, history.state.gov, 'Memorandum by the Chief of the Division of Far Eastern Affairs (Hornbeck) of a Conversation With Mr. Thomas W. Lamont, of J. P. Morgan & Co.': "II. Mr. Lamont then proceeded to give an account of the activities of Mr. Jean Monnet. He said that Monnet had been in 1919 “first choice” for the position of secretary general of the League of Nations, but that Monnet had declined—after which Sir Eric Drummond had been chosen and appointed. Monnet had, however, developed and maintained an active and serious interest in the League. ... archives.eui.eu/en/fonds/ 155143?item=JMAS.B-01 (Historical Archives of the European Union; accessed: Nov. 30, 2020): "'JMAS.B-01 John Foster Dulles Papers. Documents from [1931] to [1959]'... The documents in this collection can be found in Princeton, under the section dealing with "Selected Correspondence and Related Material" generally in the folders entitled "Jean Monnet"... Blair... Murnane? Chase National Bank affiliate (since 1930 majority-owned by John D. Rockefeller Jr. and Wintrhop Aldrich. |
Peyerimhoff, Henri de | Source(s): 1938 national committee list 1871-1953. French businessmen prominently associated with the alleged Mouvement Synarchique d'Empire. Auditor at the Council of State from 1895 to 1902. Director of agriculture, trade and colonization within the General Government of Algeria from 1902 to 1907. General secretary of the business lobby group Central Committee of Coal Mines of France 1907-, vice-president, president 1925 - late 1940 in Paris. President Union des Mines bank, which supported coal mines, 1923-1932. Chairman of several mining and banking companies. Peyerimhoff, Rene P. Duchemin and Francois de Wendel secretly bought Le Temps newspaper in 1929 at a relatively high price, sparking a controvery in 1931 about press ownership. On behalf of the coal lobby Peyerimhoff formally endorsed the Redressement Francais, a corporate movement existing between 1925-1935 looking to revive the economy by doing away with parliament. Member of the 1926-founded Deutsch-Französisches Studienkomitee / German-French Study Committee, with leading French and German industrialists. In 1940 the Central Committee of Coal Mines was dissolved by the new Vichy government. 2013, Kevin Passmore, 'The Right in France from the Third Republic to Vichy', p. 324: "Widely shared ... was the notion that [the left-wing, social democrat] Popular Front reforms were 'Malthusian'. Henri de Peyerimhoff, head of the coal industry employers' group, defined 'Malthusian' as the 'voluntary mutilation of the nation's productive capacity'--he meant the forty-hour week [implemented in 1936]. [26]" 2011, Matt Perry, 'Memory of War in France, 1914-45: Cesar Fauxbras, the Voice of the Lowly', pp. 101-102: "The press culture in France in the 1930s was vibrant, partisan and venal. ... In 1923 and 1924, the communist newspaper L'Humanite used materials from the Russian state archives to expose the 'abominable venality' of the French press during the period 1897-1917, showing the involvement of [Czarist] Russian ministers, the ambassador and secret envoys in subsidizing such newspapers as Le Matin, Le Figaro, l'Echo de Paris, Le Temps and Le Gaulois, implicating prominent politicians and journalists. ... 2022, Worms et Cie, '50 Years of Shipbuilding on the Banks of the Seine: ACSM and its Garden City (1917-1972)', pp. 131-132, 'Launch of the steam cargo ship "Charles Schiaffino" - 16 March 1930; Speech by Hipolyte Worms; The ills befalling shipbuilding': "The Honourable Minister, though, for sentimental reasons, I have cause for deep rejoicing that the "Charles Schiaffino" has been built in this shipyard; ... I also take pleasure in seeing the first vessel built in France for an Algerian shipping company depart from this shipyard, especially as this company bears the name Societe Algerienne de Navigation pour l'Afrique du Nord. ... I greet its supervisory board and its Chairman, Mr Henri de Peyerimhoff." 1992, Allen Douglas, 'From Fascism to Libertarian Communism: George Valois Against the Third Republic', p. 242: "This new name [Synarchie] was attached in the minds of many Frenchman (in and out of Vichy) with an alleged conspiracy of high-level technocrats and politically minded businessmen operating behind the scenes of the Vichy government. The grain of truth behind these charges was the rise of power of a coterie of technocrats in Petain's government from 1940 to 1942; for some opinion makers, like Roger Menevee, it became a lifelong obsession. The Occupation widened the appeal of the kinds of conspiratorial explanations that Valois had long favored. [26] ... July 28, 2006, Nouvelle Solidarite, Interview with Annie Lacroix-Riz, 'Fascisme financier hier et aujourd'hui; le choix de la défaite': "["How would you define Synarchy, what are its origins, ideology, founders?"] I drop the more folkloric aspects, i.e. the vaguely Masonic origins or mystics. What is certain is that it existed between the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the twenties. For the period concerning my research, what is essential is that it has been refounded in its final form in 1922 by a group of a dozen people including I discovered eleven names only, around groups led on the one hand by the Bank Worms – Hypolite Worms and Jacques Barnaud, who were its main leaders – and any
a series of men from Nervo's team, a little-known name, which is a pivotal group of the Synarchy. (2) The de Nervos are financiers and industrialists. Companies, such as Banque Worms [and] industrial groups like those of the Coal Committees, and in particular Henri de Peyerimhoff, who is one of the [Synarchy] founders from 1922. ... July 28, 2006, Nouvelle Solidarite, Interview with Annie Lacroix-Riz, 'Fascisme financier hier et aujourd'hui; le choix de la défaite': "["Can we say that it is to maintain the payment of these interests at all costs that we are ready to go as far as fascism?"] I think so, that it is as important a fact as anti-Sovietism. We can see this concretely, since it takes on very surprising proportions when Germany lacks gold reserves and the Bank of France and the Bank of England (which are directly involved because gold depends on the central banks of the two countries) made it possible to seize Austrian gold during the Anschluss in 1938, then Czechoslovak gold [10]. There, you enter into a form of collaboration with Germany which is extremely surprising. I believe I have demonstrated, with the help of the archives of the Banque de France, that the Dawes and the Young [plans] were the fundamental factor in the disposition of financial circles to tremble before the demands of the Reich. And I'm not the only one. Sylvain Schiermann, who had worked on Franco-German economic relations from 1932 to 39, had shown very clearly that there was only one priority: that Germany should pay the Dawes and the Young [plans]. And Schacht spends his time, from 1933, blackmailing debt repayment by saying: I'm not paying anymore. But he always ends up paying, and we know that Germany paid until the end since the last payment was made in gold, stolen, as I have shown in other works, with the backing of the banks power stations. The last payment made to the BRI was in April 1945. That is to say, at the time of the surrender, Germany was still paying the interest of Dawes and Young. ... |
Reynaud, Paul | Source(s): britishpathe.com/video/ex-premier-reynaud-arrives-in-usa-to-address-the-i (accessed: Nov. 20, 2022 'Ex-Premier Reynaud Arrives In USA To Address The International Chamber Of Commerce 1949'): "[Voice of an American narrator of Warner Pathe News:] Former Fench premier Paul Reynaud, currently a member of the National Assembly, arrived in New York to address the U.S. section of the International Chamber of Commerce, calling security the keystone to European recovery, he urged America to send more troops to western Europe." 1878-1966. Minister of the colonies 1931-1932. Minister of Justice April - Nov. 1938. Opposed the Munich Agreement of September 1938, in which the UK allowed Hitler to capture's Czechoslovakia's Sudetenland. Minister of Finance 1938-1940. PM France March - June 1940. Minister of National Defence and War June 5-16, 1940. Minister of finance and economic affairs July - August 1948. Deputy PM France June 1953 - June 1954. |
Schneider, Eugene, II | Source(s): 1959 (2nd version of 1938 original), George L. Ridgeway (associate professor of history, Wells College), 'Merchants of Peace' (the 1959 version contained the foreword of Carnegie Endowment president and ICC participant James T. Shotwell)', p. 31: "The Atlantic City conference [to set up the ICC involved]: ... The Belgian mission ... included Albert E. Janssen, another director of the National Bank of Belgium... The French delegation was led by Eugene Schneider, head of the Creusot Steel Works... Andre Francois-Poncet, delegate of the Steel Committee in France..."; 1921 list; 1929, International Chamber of Commerce brochure, council members: "France - Members: Jules Goder, Robert Masson, Eugene Schneider. - Alternates: André Baudet, Etienne Fouctar, Henri de Peyerimhoff de Fontanelle..."; 1938 list. 1868-1942. A major railway, banking and armaments magnate in succession to his grandfather Joseph Eugene Schneider. The family company, Schneider-Creusot, continues to this day as Schneider Electric, whose chair and CEO can be found in NGOs as Davos. His grandfather, Eugene Schneider (1805-1875), founded the Comite des Forges. His father, Henri Schneider (1840-1898), who died young, was vice president of the Comite des Forges in the final years of his life. |
Worms, Gerard | Source(s): iccwbo.org/media-wall/news-speeches/icc-mourns-loss-of-gerard-worms/ (accessed Oct. 9, 2022): "Mr Worms led ICC as Chair from 2011-2013 before taking up the role of ICC Honorary Chair. He had served as Chair of ICC France from 2006 to 2017." 1936-2020. Son of the industrialist André Worms and Thérèse Dreyfus. Graduated from Ecole Polytechnique and Mines ParisTech. Advisor to 1967-1968 industry minister Olivier Guichard and to 1969-1972 French PM Jacques Chaban-Delmas. At the Hachette Group, the Rhone-Poulenc group, the Societe Generale de Belgique and Telecom Italia from 1972 on. CEO Compagnie de Suez 1990-1995. Chair Compagnie de Suez and Indosuez Private Banking 1995-1999. Chairman Rothschild & Cie Banque (Paris) 1995-1999, lator senior advisor. Vice chair European subsidiary of Banque privee Edmond de Rothschild. CEO N. M. Rothschild & Sons. Vice chair Rothschild Europe. Director Saatchi & Saatchi, Mercapital, Editions Atlas, Paris Orleans, Financiere Saint Merri and Cofide. Chair International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) 2011-2013. Advisors of Degremont. Member Le Siecle, president 1999-2001. Unclear if Gerard is related to Hypolite Worms, the banker of Worms & Cie who was tied to the Synarchy. There certainly doesn't seem to be a direct line. |
Luxembourg ICC names
Mayrisch, Emile | Source(s): 1921 list (Luxembourg national committee). Luxembourg's largest steel baron from 1911 on when he merged Luxembourg's three largest steel companies into ARBED. Supplied Germany with steel during WWI 1914-1918. Organized cenacles at his Colpach Castle in 1920, attended by the likes of Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi, Jean Schlumberger and Walter Rathenau (founder AEG; d. 1922). Owner Luxemburger Zeitung 1922-. Key founder of the Deutsch-Französisches Studienkomitee / German-French Study Committee in 1926, brining together major German and French industrialists as Fritz Thyssen, Ernst Poensgen, Rene Duchemin, Henri de Peyerimhoff, Ernest Mercier, etc. 1987, Robert W. D. Boyce (Cambridge University Press), 'British Capitalism at the Crossroads, 1919-1932', p. 108: "The Comite Franco-Allemand d'Information et de Documentation, known as the Mayrisch committee after its moving spirit, the Luxembourg industrialist Emile Mayrisch, was established in 1925 with encouragement of the Quai d'Orsay.[30] The committee brought together leading French, German, Belgian, and Luxembourg industrialists as well as prominent journalists and other opinion-makers, and paved the way for the creation of the European Steel Cartel, the so-called Entente Cordiale d'Acier, in September 1926 with Mayrisch as its president. The Pan-Europa Society, created in 1922 by a young and enthusiastic Austrian, Count Coudenhove-Kalergi, was regarded with suspicion by the Quai d'Orsay on account of Coudenhove's possible Mitteleuropa ambitions and evident readiness to exclude Britain from European affairs." Die Zuwahl der neuen Mitglieder erfolgte dann im März. Vienot hatte mit seinem Drängen indessen sein Ziel erreicht, da sich auch die Franzosen in der Zwischenzeit auf fünf Neuzugänge verständigt hatten. Zu ihnen zählten Henri Robert, der Mitglied der Academie francaise war, der Industrielle Ernest Mercier, Graf Jean de Nicolai, Vizepräsident der Societe des Agriculteurs de France, der Publizist Lucien Romier s2005, Gaby Sonnabend (Deutschen Historischen Institut Paris-publication), 'Pierre Vienot (1897-1944): Ein Intellektueller in der Politik', pp. 114, 122-128, 142 (translated from German): "At the time when [Pierre] Vienot came into closer contact with the Mayrischs, considerations were already underway in their environment as to how a functioning Franco-German network could be set up in the interests of understanding. With the death of Jacques Riviere on February 14, 1925, Vienot was finally included in these plans as his successor at the Luxemburger Zeitung ... In January 1925 [Pierre Vienot] a meeting with Mayrisch in Colpach [where Mayrisch lived]. This was followed by talks between the two in Berlin and Paris with those who might be interested in founding a Franco-German organization [24]. |
Polish ICC names
Falter, Alfred | Source(s): 1938 list (only full non-president council member at that time). Council member of the Upper Silesian Association of Mining and Metallurgical Industrialists 1922–1932. Council member of Bank Handlowy SA 1932–1939, vice president 1935-. Bank Handlowy was Poland's largest private bank at the time with ICC member Averell Harriman also serving in council from 1927 to 1934. Together with his Nazi partner Friedrich Flick, Harriman also owned the major iron mining company Consolidated Silesian Steel Corporation (CSSC) in the period. Council member of the Upper Silesian Coal Convention and the Polish Coal Convention, with Harriman and Flick also controlling about 20% of Poland's coal mining capabilities. Together with Eng. Szymon Landau, the builder of the Prudential building, the first skyscraper in Warsaw, the co-owners (90% of shares) of the Polish Country Club, the owner of the first golf courses in Warsaw and Powsin. Deputy minister of treasury under Polish PM Wladyslaw Sikorski in exile 1939–1940. |
Japanese ICC names
Aoki, Kamataro | Source(s): 1938 list (alternate member of Japan's national committee) President of aircraft producer Aichi Tokei Denki company anno 1930, at that point also beginning to produce Japan's first high quality cars. Heinkel Aircraft Works From 1920 on Aichi Tokei Denki produced airplanes in collaboration with Germany's Ernst Heinkel Flugzeugwerke. President of the Eitoku plant, producing 6% of Japan's aircraft by December 1944, close to the end of World War II. Nov. 15, 2016, carlist.my, 'Review: Lexus LX 570 – Analog Beast In A Digital Void': "The great Kanto earthquake of 1923 had nearly wiped out all of Japan’s rail infrastructure, and hence lorries and trucks were put to work cleaning up and rebuilding what was lost. This presented the perfect opportunity for Ford and GM, who were early pioneers of mass production to enter a relatively untapped and unchallenged marketplace. ... |
Ataka, Yakichi | Source(s): 1938 list (alternate member of Japan's national committee) 1873-1949. Founded the importing company Ataka Co., Ltd. and the Azuka Sangyo company. President of the Osaka Chamber of Commerce and Industry. Azuka Sangyo grew to become one of the largest general trade corporations, behind Mitsubishi, Mitsui, Itochu, Marubeni, Sumitomo, Nissho Iwai, Tomen, Nichimen, and Kanematsue Sho. His sons received positions at Azuka Sangyo, which collapsed in 1977 and was bought up by Sumitomo. |
Dan, Baron Takuma | Source(s): 1929, ICC Brochure, issue 69-76 compilation, p. 59: "Japan - Members: Dr. Takuma Dan, Raita Fujiyama, Keijiro Hori. Alternates: Katsunatro Inabata, Akira Ishii, Kenjiro Matsumoto." 1863-1938. Born into the Fukuoka samurai clan. Graduate of MIT in the U.S. Returned to Japan in 1878. General Manager of Miike Coal Mine Company 1888-, after Mitsui took over the company. Doctor of Engineering in 1899. Councilor Mitsui zaibatsu 1909-, director 1914-, and eventual director-general / chairman. Founding executive of the America-Japan Society in 1917, founded by his brother-in-law. Director Industry Club of Japan. Headed a Japanese Businessmen's Mission to the U.S., UK, and France in 1921. Dan was gunned down by the Ketsumeidan in the extreme right League of Blood Incident on March 5, 1932, in succession to fellow ICC board member Junnosuke Inoue, a past governor of the Bank of Japan in February. 1927, Japan Today and Tomorrow, p. 167 (Google Books): "Dr. Takuma Dan is the only financial magnate who attained the distinction of being created in peer on the occasion of the recent Enthronewent Ceremonies. Baron Dr. Dan is the chairman of the board of directors of the vast Mitsui interests, one of the wealthiest, perhaps the wealthiest multi-millionaires in the empire... Dr. Dan [as] chairman of the board of directors of the vast Mitsui system, which, relatively speaking, is John D. Rockefeller, Guggenheim and J. P. Morgan combined." He is well known in London and was a member of the Commercial Mission led by the late Baron Takuma Dan which visited this country in 1921. 1927, America-Japan Society, 'Special Bulletin (4)': "THE AMERICA - JAPAN SOCIETY HONORARY PRESIDENTS H. E. MR . CHARLES MACVEAGH, VISCOUNT KENTARO KANEKO. HONORARY VICE - PRESIDENTS: VISCOUNT EIICHI SHIBUSAWA, BARON YOSHIRO SAKATANI, MR . KOREKIYO TAKAHASHI, DR . TAKUMA DAN, MR. LINDSAY RUSSELL, PRESIDENT PRINCE IYESATO TOKUGAWA. VICE - PRESIDENTS: COUNT AISUKE KABAYAMA, MR . E. W. FRAZAR. SECRETARIES MR . YUKICHI IWANAGA, LT . COL . CHARLES BURNETT. TREASURERS: BARON KAISAKU MORIMURA MR . J. R. GEARY AUDITORS MR . KIKUSABURO FUKUI MR . B. W. FLEISHER EXECUTIVE SECRETARY MR . YENJI TAKEDA THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE DR . M. ANESAKI MR . J. INOUYE MR . T. ASABUKI MR . Y. IWANAGA MR . R. ASANO COUNT A. KABAYAMA MR . D. H. BLAKE MR . M. KUSHIDA LT . COL . C. BURNETT MR . O. MATSUKATA MR . H. E. COLEMAN MR . T. MIYAOKA MR . H. A. ENSWORTH BARON K. MORIMURA R . B. W. FLEISHER MR . R. F. MOSS MR . E. W. FRAZAR BARON K. NAKASHIMA MR . K. FUKUI MR . M. NARUSE MR . J. R. GEARY DR . Y. ONO MR . M : HANIHARA MR . T. SAKAI MR . Z. HORIKOSHI PROF . J. T. SWIFT MR ...." ajstokyo.org/en-about/en-history/ (accessed: Nov. 10, 2022): "Thus, in April 1917, AJS was born pledging friendly interexchange and fosterage of mutual understanding between Japanese and American people. The first president of the Society was Kentaro Kaneko, a Harvard University graduate and one of the members involved in drafting the Constitution of the Empire of Japan.... Inazo Nitobe, Takuma Dan, Junnosuke Inoue were on the list of the Executive Committee." 2013, Susie J. Pak, Harvard University Press, 'Gentlemen Bankers', p. 163: "Jacob Schiff had such close ties with Baron Korekiyo Takahashi (1854-1936), [10] the vice-governor of the Bank of Japan and later the Japanese minister of finance and premier, that Takahashi's fifteen-year-old daughter, Wakiko, lived with Schiff and his wife in New York for three years (1906-1909).[11] Takahashi met Schiff at a dinner in London in 1904 [and] spent the better part of three years in Europe and the United States in order to raise money for the Japanese war effort [against Russia]. ... Takahashi had initially hoped to enlist Pierpont Morgan to Japan's cause, but he found Morgan to be unfriendly and rude. [13] Pierpont's seeming disregard for and disinterest in Japan's business left open the field for his rival. While in New York in 1905, Takahashi told his associate Kentaro Kaneko, the brother-in-law of Takuma Dan, a financier and representative of the Mitsui industrial conglomerate, “Kuhn, Loeb is strong enough to prevent any mischief that might come from Morgan." In 1906, after the Russo-Japanese War, Schiff was invited by the Japanese government to visit Japan, where he met central financial and political leaders, including the Japanese emperor... As long as Kuhn, Loeb & Co. retained their proprietary right as Japan's bank, J. P. Morgan & Co. could not poach Kuhn, Loeb's client without violating their informal code of conduct. [17] Kuhn, Loeb & Co.'s break with Japan over its alliance with Russia and Jacob Schiff's death in 1920 offered the Morgans the opportunity to begin anew with Japan, now the dominant power in East Asia. [18] By the early 1920s, the Morgans made critical steps toward replacing Kuhn, Loeb & Co. as Japan's leading foreign bank..." February 16, 2020, author Stan S. Katz for his theemperorandthespy.com blog, '1920 – An Important Event Encouraging Good US / Japan Relations. Recently discovered Photo – Frank A. Vanderlip, a leading US business figure and president of the Japan Society of New York City meets with Shibusawa Eiichi and representatives of Mitsui & Co., and other Japanese leaders.': "[Picture shown]... This gathering took place at the home of Baron Shibusawa Eiichi... The invited American guests of the day are as follows: Mr. Frank A. Vanderlip and Mrs. Vanderlip... Mr. Henry W. Taft and Mrs. Taft... Seymour L. Cromwell and Mrs. Cromwell – President of the New York Stock Exchange... Mr. George Eastman [of] Eastman Kodak Company... 1920, Henry Waters Taft, Japan Society, 'Our Relations With Japan', pp. 3-4: "The Vanderlip party which recently visited Japan was organized by Mr. Frank A. Vanderlip on the invitation of the so-called Welcome Association, composed of group of gentlemen prominent in the public and business affairs of Japan. One of the chief objects of that Association is, by affording opportunities for the acquisition of exact information and by friendly exchange of views, to promote cordial relations between Japan and America. The leading spirit in the Welcome Association is Baron Shibusawa, who is well known in this country. Although now 84 years of age and retired from business, he continues very actively engaged in promulgating liberal ideas, and is indefatigable in all kinds of good works designed to improve the welfare of the Japanese people. He and the large element of the people that he represents are strong advocates of peace among the nations of the earth. Recent criticism in America of Japan's national policy led the Welcome Association to invite Mr. Vanderlip to select a group of representative Americans to go to Japan and look into the facts. The Vanderlip party, was, of course, unofficial. It came in close contact, however, not only with the American Embassy in Japan, but also with leading members of the Japanese Government. If it had had official functions it could not have received greater hospitality than it did from the social, business and official world of Japan, and it was afforded the most unusual opportunities to obtain information concerning all questions which are of mutual interest to Japan and America. During our visit in Tokyo a conference was held every morning for six days, at which subjects of international interest were discussed. These conferences were attended by all of the members of our party. Baron Shibusawa and Mr. Vanderlip were the joint chairmen. Viscount Kaneko usually presided, as he understood both the Japanese and the English languages. Besides these, Baron Megata, Baron Sakatani, Mr. Fujiyama, President of the Chamber of Commerce of Tokyo, Dr. Soyeda, Mr. Sumoto and a number of other men prominent in public and business affairs in Japan, some being connected with the government, were present. After our visit to Tokyo, we visited Yokohama, Kyoto, Osaka, Kobe, Nara and Nikko, and at these places, as well as at Tokyo, members of our party came in contact with the leading Japanese citizens and freely discussed with them Japanese affairs. These included Prime Minister Hara, Viscount Uchida, Minister of Foreign Affairs, Prince Yamagata, Count Okuma, Baron Goto, Baron Mitsui, and many others who are now influencing public sentiment in Japan." jssj.jp/history/ (accessed: Nov. 10, 2022): "The Japan-Sweden Society was founded in November 1929... The following officers were elected at the outset: Patron H. I. H. Prince Chichibu... The successful formation of the Society was made possible through the untiring efforts rendered by Messrs. Yasunosuke Fukukita and Seiichi Takashima, both having served as Managing Directors from the beginning until their deaths, together with Mr. Ino Dan. They were supported and encouraged by Baron Takuma Dan, Mr. Ginjiro Fujihara and others of Japanese business circles..." "I ask you all to rise and join with me in drinking a silent toast to these great men , Baron Takuma Dan and Mr. Junnosuke Inouye . At the time of my arrival , while conditions between Japan and China were known to be unsatifactory" April 1, 1997, Zoological Science, 'Obituary: Katsuma Dan': "Dan-sensei was born on October 16, 1904, the second son of Baron Takuma Dan, managing director of the vast Mitsui commercial interests... became Adviser to the Mitsubishi-Kasei Life Science Institute (1981~1987)... Dan-sensei served as President of the Zoological Society of Japan (ZSJ) (1967~1972, 1975~1976) and of the Japanese Society of Developmental Biologists (JSDB) (1967-1972, 1975-1976)." Takuma Dan married the younger sister of statesman Viscount Kaneko Kentaro. Biography of Kentaro: 1853-1942; born into a Samurai family; Harvard Law graduate graduate; personal secretary to Japan's first PM Ito Hirobumi 1885-1888, who would become PM three more times; MP Japan 1890-; board member Institute of International Law 1891-; justice minister 1900-; founder American Friendship Society / Beiyu Kyoka in 1900; lobbied fellow Harvard graduate Theodore Roosevalt to end the 1904-1905 Russo-Japan War with the Treaty of Portsmouth; made a baron and then viscount in 1907; founder America-Japan Society in March 1917; one of the few senior statesmen in Japan to speak out strongly against war with the United States as late as 1941. Sources related to old zaibatsu politics and the rise of Nissan/young officers/Kwantum Army opposition 1987, Hyung Gu Lynn (M.A. thesis, University of British Columbia), 'The Mitsui Zaibatsu Tenko, 1932-1936', pp. 2, 6, 8, 10-11, 17-20: "The murder of their top executive and the general anti-zaibatsu atmosphere of the 1930's resulted in Mitsui eventually appointing Ikeda Seihin as the new executive director of Mitsui the holding company, Mitsui Gomei (Mitsui Unlimited Partnership), and undertaking a reform program known popularly as the 'zaibatsu tenko'. [3] The tenko [4] (conversion or about-face) consisted of several policies [5] designed to deflect the criticism directed at Mitsui: 1987, Hyung Gu Lynn (M.A. thesis, University of British Columbia), 'The Mitsui Zaibatsu Tenko, 1932-1936': "Although Ikeda Seihin [Ikeda Shigeaki] was not appointed the sole head executive director of Mitsui Gomei until September 1933 [joined Mitsui in 1895, rose through the ranks], even prior to that, Ikeda was the main force in the central decision-making process at Gomei after Dan's death. Therefore, the actual tenko policies were first seriously planned and implemented in 1932-33, and accelerated in 1933 after September. By the time of Ikeda's retirement in April 1936 [became finance minister in 1938], all six tenko policies had been established, and the decline of the Kodoha (Imperial Way faction) of the military had been basically finalized after the 2-26 Rebellion. After the 2-26 Incident, the sense of rampant political terrorism dissipated, to be replaced by a transition period before full war-time government controls and the permeation of the economy by military priorities. ... encyclopedia.com/social-sciences-and-law/economics-business-and-labor/businesses-and-occupations/mitsubishi-corp (accessed: Dec. 28, 2022): "Yataro Iwasaki, however, was not from a rich family. However, in 1870, during the first years of the Meiji government, he was able to purchase Tsukumo Shokai, the official Tosa shipping company. In 1873 he changed its name to Mitsubishi, which is Japanese for “three diamonds.” Iwasaki was dedicated to an occupation as a merchant and to making Japanese shipping companies competitive with the large foreign lines. Nov. 1921 issue, The Atlantic, 'Are We Giving Japan a Square Deal? II': "THE key to Japanese militarism and imperialism is to be found in the dual government that, exists in Japan. There is the constitutional government — the Cabinet, the Diet, consisting of the House of Peers and the House of Representatives, and the administrative bureaucracy— with which the world is familiar. But there is also an invisible government, an unseen empire, composed of a clique of military men and men with military affiliations, headed by the Genro, or Elder Statesmen, with the General Staff of the Army as its instrument. Of the two governments, the latter is by far the more powerful. Japanese policy, particularly in foreign affairs, is invariably shaped by this unseen government, its wishes generally being translated by the constitutional government’s actions. The two régimes, whose interests are by no means always opposed, are of necessity more or less intermixed, like interlocking directorates. For example, many officials of the permanent civil bureaucracy — that is, the bureau chiefs and their staffs — are drawn from the militaristic clique, which is identical with the unseen government, with which, as might be expected, they work in harmony. ... Dec. 10, 1934, Time, 'Japan: Soak the Rich': "Japan's "greatest Secretary of the Treasury since Korekiyo Takahashi [established ties with Jacob Schiff in 1906; PM 1921-1922, 15-26 May 1932; president Mitsui-controlled Seiyukei party in the 1920s; finance minister 1927-1929, 1931-1932, 1932-1934, 1934-1936; took Japan off the gold standard in Dec. 1931, after Mitsui in particular hoarded dollars; assassinated in the Feb. 26, 1936 incident by rightist militants who also went after Mitsui]"... Last week he was 80, full of chuckles and shrewd wisdom, when the Son of Heaven gazetted him for the seventh time Minister of Finance, amid popular roars of "Banzai Daruma!'' ... It was less than nothing to Daruma Takahashi last week that he was forced to resign as Finance Minister only a few months ago because of gross and outrageous pilfering in his department, as usual "by others'' (TIME, July 16). ... He was thin with worry then but has since grown fat on the crises he has weathered: the assassination of his friend Premier Hara; the banking crisis of 1927; the tight squeeze in 1931 when Daruma Takahashi boldly took the yen off gold, thus starting the world toward devaluation and perhaps Recovery. December 3, 1938, China Weekly Review, pp. 3-4: "It was significant that the Kwantung branch of the Imperial Army turned to Yoshisuke Aikawa, Japan's leading war-time financial magnate to head the so-called Manchukuo Heavy Industries Company. Shinji Yoshino, former Minister of Commerce and Industry was appointed vice - president of this concern, but chief interest was centered on Aikawa as he was expected to way for the investment of vast sums of foreign capital in Japan's developmental schemes on the Continent. Aikawa was largely responsible for the development of the gigantic Nihon Sangyo K. K. or Japan Industrial Company, Ltd., but better known as the Nissan Company, or more recently Mangyo. According to an article in the March number of Contemporary Japan, the Nissan Company had 18 affiliated and 130 related concerns with a total capitalization of Yen 800,000,000. When Mr. Aikawa was a boy he invented a method of shooting an air-rifle that allegedly enabled him to bring down 140 sparrows in a day's hunting. The experience stood him in good stead, for the Nissan Company which he promoted embraced most of the concerns which were earning big profits by supplying munitions and other war materials to the Imperial Army operating on the Continent. Upon the Army's recommendation he went went to Manchukuo and organized the "Manchukuo Heavy Industries Company,” capitalized at Yen 450,000,000 supplied by the Manchukuo Government and the Nissan Company. The company took over many of the most important industries previously operated as subsidiaries by the South Manchuria Railway, and added some new ones such as the manufacture of motorcars and trucks and an airplane factory. The writer in the Tokyo magazine regarded Aikawa as a sort of Japanese counterpart of Harriman, Rockefeller and Henry Ford. April 23, 1938, China Forum (pp. 268-269 of the 1938 issues compilation): "We are referring to the gigantic scheme, conceived jointly by the Kwantung Army and by Mr. Yushisuke Aikawa, nabob among Japanese captains of industry, to induce investment of American capital in the development of heavy industries in the puppet state in Manchuria. Mr. Thomas J. Watson, President of the International Business Machines Corporation and also of the International Chamber of Commerce, has been approached by the representatives of Mr. Aikawa for a credit of no less than 50 million dollars for the purchase of American machinery to be used in Manchuria. Such circumstantial evidences as are available indicate unmistakably that the industrial leaders of Japan have been conducting an extremely able campaign in the United States and that there is danger that American capitalists may not be able to see the harms of Japan's subtle courtship for their favor. ... 1939 (annual vol. compilation), Amerasia magazine, pp. 11-12: "In January 1938 it was revealed that the Aikawa interests had approached Thomas J. Watson, president of the International Business Machines Corporation and also of the International Chamber of Commerce , for a loan of fifty million dollars. The credit was to be applied to the development of Manchurian heavy industries through the purchase of American machinery . Recognizing the difficulties likely to be encountered , the Japanese interests formulated their offer in the most attractive terms. They not only secured an undertaking from the Japanese Govern- ment that payments would be exempt from the Exchange Control Act , but apparently suggested that American experts might be retained to install the equipment and operate it during the period required for training the necessary staff. On the face of it, the execution of such a contract by an American business man at this time , when China is being ruthlessly overrun by Japan's war machine , would seem to merit condemnation . It places the executor in the category of those American operators who are now making profits by selling scrap iron to Japan . A credit of this amount for Manchuria's industrial development , moreover , would seem to be a gratuitous slap at the American government's official policy of refusing to extend recognition to the Japanese conquest of Manchuria. While normal American economic relations with Manchoukuo have not been suspended as a consequence of the non - recognition policy , a financial transaction of the size contemplated in this arrangement would have the effect of reducing the policy to an absurdity. It is therefore not surprising that official circles in Washington frowned on the carrying through of such a deal when the details were made public.13 In view of Mr. Watson's disclaimer of any formal approaches from the Aikawa concern it may be hoped that the project is dead. These reflections are incidental. Much more interesting details are concealed in the ramifications of the Japanese background . As the commentary in the New York Times brings out , the offer was made to sound more palatable by an effort to show that private industrial enterprise in Japan was staging a revolt against the military pressure for a " controlled economy , " and particularly against the brand of state socialism enforced by the Kwantung Army in Manchoukuo." Nov. 5, 1938, China Weekly Review, p. 325: "... today would be complete without some mention of the newer 'Shinko' groups, whose influence has grown rapidly in the last five years. The most striking of these is led by Yoshisuke Aikawa, a trained engineer of fifty-seven years. After gaining experience in America, Aikawa in 1910 founded the Tobata Casting Works, with capital borrowed from his relations. In 1928 he bought up shares in the Kuhara Mining Company at ridiculously low prices, part of which he sold to the public after the armament boom of 1931, at eight or nine times their earlier quotations. The mining firm was then separated from the main company which became an open holding company, Nissan (or Japan Production )..." Nov. 2, 1939, John Gunther 'Inside Asia' column in Western Union Mail and other newspapers, 'Men of Yen', p. 91: "The Mitsubishi house played politics exactly as the Mitsuis did. Its "man" was the murdered Marquis [Shigenobu] Okuma [wasn't murdered; provided Mitsubishi with all kinds of favors], one of the first great Japanese nation-builders. ... 1941, Ernest Hauser, 'Honorable Enemy', p. 208: ""Why cant we?" says Mr. Yoshisuke Aikawa, who worked his way through Japanese and American steel mills before he rose to the command of the colossal Nissan combine. Aikawa is an unpleasant fellow with cropped hair army-style. He looks and talks like a soldier, even behind the desk in his shiny new marble office building in Tokyo. He is a parvenu, and proud of it. He did everything the hard way, hates those who didn't, and sneers at such old aristocratic houses as Mitsui. He is Japan's first fascist money man. May 1945 issue, The Atlantic, 'The Pacific War': "The new political party, “The Great Japan Political Association,” which replaces the old “Imperial Rule Assistance Political Society,” does not augur a shift of power in Japan. The new party’s president, General Jiro Minami, was War Minister in 1931, the time of the Mukden Incident that launched Japan on her aggression in Manchuria. Well before that he was a bitter foe of disarmament and a proponent of mechanized forces and large Army budgets. He identified the interests of the nation with those of the Army, and stressed the political and economic relation of Manchuria and Mongolia to Japan’s national defense. On excellent terms with the Army, he is also on excellent terms with such men as Yoshisuke Aikawa, chief of the powerful Nissan combine, which was created to exploit Manchuria. ... usa.nissannews.com/en-US/releases/nissan-legend-1-yoshisuke-aikawa-a-modern-man-with-insight (accessed: Jan. 12, 2023): "Yoshisuke Aikawa was given a big job that he did not want in 1928, when he was asked to head up the restructuring of Kuhara Kogyo, which was led by his brother-in-law, Fusanosuke Kuhara. Aikawa declined the request firmly at first, but eventually he accepted it...This was the moment when Nissan, derived from "Ni"hon + "San"gyo, was born. February 2021, Hitachi Review, pp. 120-125, 'The Men who Aided Manufacturing: The Words of Hitachi Founders': "Namihei Odaira identified three key factors behind the growth of Hitachi as a company: [including] the support of Fusanosuke Kuhara and Yoshisuke Aikawa... Fusanosuke Kuhara [2] was the owner-manager of the Hitachi Mine of Kuhara Mining Company, which was the parent company of Hitachi, Ltd. Yoshisuke Aikawa, meanwhile, was the president of Nihon Sangyo following a re-organization of Kuhara Mining Company [in 1928]. He is known as the founder of Nissan Motor. To see how these two men supported Hitachi we need to go back to before the company’s founding. ... Fusanosuke Kuhara was a financier of the ultraright Feb. 26, 1936 coup in Japan. 2015, Eleanor M. Hadley, 'Antitrust in Japan', pp. 36-37: "The following quotation is from my earlier study. Sep. 1944 (written in June 1944), E. Herbert Norman (University of British Columbia) for Pacific Affairs, 'The Genyosha: A Study in the Origins of Japanese Imperialism', pp. 261-284 (important still: 276-277): "[p. 274:] The first head of the Genyosha was Hiraoka Kotaro (died 1906) who became one of the most important liaison men with senior government officials in the army and Foreign Office. In the months preceding the Russo-Japanese war he made frequent trips through North China meeting important Chinese officials, threatening those who he regarded as pro-Russian and attempting to cajole and win over to the Japanese side those who were of the opposite tendency. His activity was of so important a nature that he and an associate, Komuchi Chijo, were called the "unofficial ambassadors" of Japan in Korea and China. [20] He was a man of wealth who owned some of the richest coal mines in Kyushu. He drew heavily on his private means to subsidize various enterprises of the Genyosha. Although shortly after the founding of the Genyosha he resigned in order to travel in China, he remained one of the closest associates to Toyama and the inner circle of the Genyosha. ... "After the assassination of Prime Minister Inukai on 15 May 1932 , Hirohito was particularly concerned that his oldest brother , Prince Chichibu , was falling under the influence of the radical young officers who were involved in this" |
Fujiyama, Raita | Source(s): 1929, ICC Brochure, issue 69-76 compilation, p. 59: "Japan - Members: Dr. Takuma Dan, Raita Fujiyama, Keijiro Hori. Alternates: Katsunaro Inabata, Akira Ishii, Kenjiro Matsumoto."; 1934, Foreign Affairs Association of Japan, 'The Japan Year Book', p. 340: "The Yedo (Tokyo) City Assembly was the predecessor of the present Tokyo Chamber of Commerce and Industry, and dates back 133 years. It was Lord Etchu-no-Kami Matsudaira, the then Vice-Premier (roju) of the Sogunate Government, who advanced a plan to organize a public business body to accomodate merchants with funds and to carry out relief enterprises is now known as the Tokyo Chamber of Commerce and Industry. The late Viscount Eiichi Shibusawa was the first President of the Chamber and served in that capacity for 30 years, until his resignation in 1902. ... Japan attended the plenary conference of the International Chamber in 1923 in London, when Mr. Raita Fujiyama, then president of the Tokyo Chamber and All-American Chamber was the representative. The present chairman of the Japanese Committee of the International Chamber of Commerce is Mr. Manzo Kushida, chairman of the board of directors of the Mitsubishi Bank, and Baron Seinosuke Goh holds the dual position of president of the Tokyo Chamber of Commerce and the Japan Economic Federation." 1863-1938. Son of the Saga samurai clan. Japanese businessman. Joined the Mitsui Bank in 1892. Ran a number of companies for Mitsui. After leaving Mitsui, he helped to found Tokyo City Railroad, Japan Fire Insurance, and the Imperial Theater. President Dai-Nippon Sugar 1909-. MP 1923-. Served as the Director of The Tokyo Chamber of Commerce 1917-1925. Vice president Japan Netherlands Indian Society under Prince Fumimaro Konoye. Committee member of the Japanese American Relations Committee, founded in 1919 and working with the Japanese Relations Committee in San Francisco and the Japanese-American Relations Committee in New York City. Feb. 25, 1985, Los Angeles Times, 'Aiichiro Fujiyama, 87; Served as Foreign Minister of Japan': "Fujiyama participated in the negotiations that led to the revision of the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty in 1960. He was the eldest son of a prominent businessman, Raita Fujiyama. After graduating from Keio University, he succeeded his father as president of the Dai Nippon Sugar Manufacturing Co. in 1930 and later served as chairman of the Japan Chamber of Commerce and Industry in 1941. He entered politics in 1957 when he was appointed minister of foreign affairs in the government of Prime Minister Nobusuke Kishi. Before retiring from politics in 1975, he was reelected to Parliament five times as a candidate of the governing Liberal Democratic Party and was active in the move to restore diplomatic relations between Japan and China." |
Goh, Baron Seinosuke | Source(s): 1938 list (member Japanese national committee) Head of Tokyo Electric Power, "long been under the absolute financial control of Mitsui and the political influence of the [Rikken] Seiyukai [party]..." December 5, 1932, Time, 'Business & Finance: Power in Japan': "Last week Baron Seinosuke Goh, head of Tokyo Electric, declared that the sole hope of Japan's power & light industry [in the wake of the Great Depression] was a merger of all the leading units. Baron Goh's Tokyo Electric is not only the biggest concern in the field but also the biggest corporation in Japan. The great banking house of Mitsui has tremendous holdings in it. Serving the rich industrial area around Tokyo and Yokohama, it produces nearly as much power as New York Edison Co., more than Pacific Gas & Electric Co. Tokyo Electric probably has more customers than any strictly power & light company in the world—2,200,000. Bancho-kai March 10, 1934, The Courier-Mail (Brisbane, Qld.: 1933-1954), 'Outrage in Japan; Several Shots Fired at Industrialist; Attendant Killed': "Mr. Sanji Muto, Japan's greatest cotton master, and now the chief director of the newspaper "Jiji Shimpo" was gravely wounded this morning by a bullet fired from a pistol. His assailant afterwards committed suicide. ... Mr. Muto's household steward received a bullet in his head, and died instantly. As a result of a blood-transfusion operation this afternoon there is hope that Mr. Muto will recover. March 11, 1934, New York Times, Tokyo Publisher Dies of Wounds; Sanji Muto, President of the Newspaper Jiji, Was Shot by Unemployed Salesman. Had Aided Labor's Status Millionaire, in His Editorials, Also Urged Better Political Education of Masses.': "Sanji Muto, 66, president of the newspaper Jiji Shimpo, died at 9:20 P.M. today of wounds he suffered when an unemployed salesman shot him three times yesterday." March 17, 1934, China Weekly Review, 'Japanese Industrial Magnate is Is Assassinated': "It was also intimated that the assassin [of Sanji Muto] might have been instigated to the act by the Banchokai, a town council, which had been subjected to criticisms by Mr. Muto. Neither of these two hypotheses are, however, accepted, and the belief is gaining ground that political motives may have been the impelling cause. The shooting may also have been a sequel to the recent exposure by the murdered man of alleged scandals in connection with the merger of government and private steel and iron works. Mr. Muto had been critical of the merger because the assets of the private concerns absorbed were greatly over-valued. He said that this would result in forcing up selling costs and so prevent the lowering of iron and steel prices by the government. The scandal resulting from the exposure ed to the resignation of Minister of Commerce Baron Kumakichi..." May 7-8, 1945, Manila, Conference on Psychological Warfare Against Japan, Basic Military Plan for Psychological Warfare Against Japan': "Banji Muto, who was assassinated on March 9, 1934, says in his book "The Story of Applied Economics," page 140, as follows: "When I first came to this paper, the Jiji Shimpo, I was shocked to find that, contrary to my expectations, there was actually no freedom of speech. I had the impression that we had attained a fair degree of freedom of speech. Yet, every month, there will always be seven or eight executive orders not to treat this article in this vein, not to touch this incident, etc. ... We do not have freedom of speech."" 1983, Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan, p. 144: "Hiranuma Kiichiro: ... and directed from behind the scenes the prosecution, by the Ministry of Justice, of the Banchokai in the TEIJIN INCIDENT of 1934, a maneuver calculated to topple the government and replace it with a Hiranuma cabinet. But despite Hiranuma's popularity among right-wing politicians, his activities earned him powerful enemies, including SAIONJI KIMMOCHI, who was able to slow Hiranuma's rise to prominence during the early thirties even as party governments and cooperative diplomacy were becoming a thing of the past." June 2, 1934, China Weekly Review, p. 15, 'Japan's "Tammany Hall" Is Dissolved': "The dissolution of the Bancho-kai was announced May 16 by its leader, Baron Seinosuke Go. Dubbed the "Tammany Hall of Japan", the organization was deemed a source of plots aimed at financial and industrial circles, extending its hidden influence even to political matters. The dissolution is said to be attributed to the recent change of mind of Baron Nakajima, a prominent member who, on the occasion of the assassination of the late Sanji Muto, received a shock from the various criticisms levelled at the Bancho-kai. In this connection Baron Go is quoted as saying: "Originally the body was organized solely with the object of contributing to the moral cultivation of its members; but in course of time with some members being affiliated with undesirable organizations, the Bencho-kai has become the butt of discussion at large." The “Bancho-kai" had twelve members, all influential in political and financial circles, and generally regarded as subordinates of Baron Go, including Baron Kumakichi Nakajima, former Minister of Commerce and Industry." 1951, Nippon Times' Journal of Finance and Commerce, pp. 4, 22: "Another economic leader who has been active since before the war is Ataru Kobayashi, the president of the Life Insurance Association... He was a member of the Banchokai, a prewar club of oustanding economic leaders centering around Seinosuke Goh. (Other surviving members of the group who are still active include Kumakichi Nakajima, Yoshinari Kawai and Mamoru Nagano). With his remarkable aggressiveness, which must have been bred during his Banchokai days, Kobayashi accomplished two major personal ... Considering the sales price unduly cheap, prosecutors caused the arrest of many high-placed Government officials and industrialists on charges of graft. Among the arrested persons were Hideo Kuroda, then Finance Vice-Minister; Chief Okubo of the Bank Bureau, Finance Ministry; President Shimada of the Bank of Taiwan, and members of the Banchokai group of industrialists." 1993, The Branch, 'Summaries of Selected Japanese Magazines, Issues 1-9', p. 32: "However, in the Teijin Case (of 1934), which took place before the War, two incumbent Ministers and a Finance Vice Minister and others were indicted for corruption, and the Minoru SAITO Cabinet, which had been criticized for its "pro-British/pro-US" policy and for its "liberalism," resigned in a body. The Case was regarded as a frame-up of "prosecutor fascism" connected with the military and the right-wing. 1936, World Peace Foundation's World Affairs Books, 'Militarism in Japan', pp. 31-32, 77: "Of still greater significance is the Kokuhonsha (Society of the Foundations of the State), which for several years has promoted the appointment of Baron [Kiichiro] Hiranuma as a Fascist premier. After a brilliant career in the courts, Hiranuma entered the Yamamoto cabinet as minister of justice, and in 1926 became vice-president of the Privy Council. His connection with the Kokuhonsha dates from its founding in 1919. At that time, Kozo Ota, with the support of Dr. Kisaburo Suzuki, General Araki (then a field officer) and Kiichiro Hiranuma (then a commoner), organized the Kokuhonsha in order to combat the democratic movement at the Imperial University of Tokyo. The membership of the society has reached one hundred thousand and the roster shows many impressive names from the ranks of the military, the captains of industry, and the bureaucrats. In practice the society has subordinated attacks on democratic principles to blind laudation of the Imperial Throne. A mysterious element is supplied by its intimate connection with the army and navy. While it has promoted the appointment of Baron Hiranuma as a Fascist premier, the figures of General Araki and Admiral Kato lurk in the background. General Araki has used the society to promote Kodo (the Imperial Way) and fanatical patriotism. Other societies and parties of this type are: Odo Gikai (Society of the Imperial Way) founded in... Hiranuma he will swing a political deal that will bring in the "Showa Restoration." But thus far, he is blocked by the major parties in the Diet, while neither the Kokuhonsha nor the Kokumin Domei has come anywhere near winning the confidence of the country. ... "It should be said that in July 1934 Takahashi, as finance minister, took responsibility for the Teikoku Rayon scandal involving a vice-minister of finance, and offered his, and offered his resignation. The Saito cabinet fell, and, when the Okada ministry was formed, the portfolio of finance was given to a follower of Takahashi, by the name of Sadanobu Fujii. Due to ill health, and overwhelmed by the magnitude of the task thrust upon him, he resigned on Noveber 26, 1934, and Takahashi was again drafted for the public service." 2003, M. Itoh, 'The Hatoyama Dynasty: Japanese Political Leadership Through the Generations', pp. 62-63: "A don of the right-wing, Hiranuma Kiichiro (1867-1952, later prime minister), was deputy speaker of the Privy Council and wanted to become its speaker. Emperor Hirohito was concerned with the shift to right-wing politics since the 5-15 incident and Saionji did not recommend Hiranuma to the speaker's post. As a reprisal, Hiranuma attempted to breakdown the incumbent Saito cabinet and made Jiji Shimpo, a newspaper run by his group, fabricate bribery scandals involving the financial circles that supported the Saito cabinet. As a result, Teijin's president and officials of the MOF were indicted; the so-called Teijin incident. This was a frame-up, motivated by Hiranuma's personal vendetta; however their innocence was not proven until October 1937, and the Saito cabinet resigned en masse in July 1934. [30]" July 14, 1934, China Weekly Review, p. 268: "Araki quit office [in Jan. 1934] while Saito considered financiers' interest more than they had anticipated. Forgetting past bitter experiences some of the smart financiers - Banchokaimen - skilfully maneuvred with Baron Go as their head. Their attempt succeeded to some extent but finally failed and those connected with the plot were thrown into prison, and the incident is feared to make further development. What is most regrettable, the Banchokai fire spread to the person of Finance Minister Takahashi whom the financiers trust and worship as their guardian deity. Thus their two years ' laborious work to restore their former confidence has again completely been frustrated. They condemn the progressive element of the Banchokai, but the method the Nippon financial cliques resort to is an exact copy of the plot undertaken by these Banchokai men." |
Hori, Keijiro | Source(s): 1929, ICC Brochure, issue 69-76 compilation, p. 59: "Japan - Members: Dr. Takuma Dan, Raita Fujiyama, Keijiro Hori. Alternates: Katsunaro Inabata, Akira Ishii, Kenjiro Matsumoto." President Mitsui's Osaka Shosen Kaisha (OSK) Lines, Ltd. 1914-1934. Director Nitchitsu anno 1929-1937. April 14, 1934, China Weekly Review: "The Tokyo Electric Light Company has long been under the absolute financial control of Mitsui and the political influence of the [Rikken] Seiyukai [political party whose PM Hara Takashi was killed in 1921 by a person who said he was corrupt and controlled by the zaibatsu]... formerly a director of the party, who was succeeded by Baron Sinosuke Goh, present administrator of the company. The Toho Electric Power Company in which Mr. Yasuzaemon Matsunaga plays the predemonant role, is also more inclined to the Seiyukai as a result of its financial bondage to Mitsui. Yasuda interest, though, appearing to be little imbued with political taint, may have allied with the party in some way or other, since Korekiyo Takahashi [took over as PM 1921-1922 after Hara's assassination; again PM in 1932; major banker; raised funds from Jacob Schiff's Kuhn Loeb and Rothschild for the Russo-Japanese War in 1904-1905] has been senior advisor to the firm. But the Osaka Shosen Kaisha is known to all as backer of the party, as Mr. Nakahashi dominates the company and Keijiro Hori, former managing director of the company, was nominated to the House of Peers by the recommendation of the Seiyukai statesmen. It operates some subsidiaries including the Ujigawa Hydroelectric Power Company, with a huge total of capital investment. And Mr. Nakahashi has been able to build up his influence in the party thanks to the vast financial strength arising out of the Osaka Shosen and its many subsidiaries. ... |
Ishii, Akira | Source(s): 1929, ICC Brochure, issue 69-76 compilation, p. 59: "Japan - Members: Dr. Takuma Dan, Raita Fujiyama, Keijiro Hori. Alternates: Katsunaro Inabata, Akira Ishii, Kenjiro Matsumoto." Director of Nippon Yusen Kaisha (named a mailing, telegraph, telephone and steamship company) anno 1915-1922. Founding member of the Institute of Pacific Relations, founded in 1925. June 30 - July 14, 1925, Institute of Pacific Relations, Honolulu Session, pp. 35-36, 99: "Members: ... Akira Ishii, former vice-president of the Nippon Yusen Kaisha Steamship Company. ... |
Inouye, Junnosuke (Inoue) | Source(s): 1929, ICC Brochure, issue 69-76 compilation, p. 59: "Vice-Presidents: Sir Arthur Balfour ... Ettore Conti ... Rene Duchemin ... Junnosuke Inoue. Franz von Mendelssohn ... Silas H. Strawn ... Honorary Vice-President: K. A. Wallenberg." Graduate of the Imperial University of Tokyo. Joined the Bank of Japan in 1896. Educated in London about banking practices here on behalf of the Bank of Japan in 1897 alongside Hisaakira Hijikata (head Industrial Bank of Japan 1918-; governor Bank of Japan June 1928 - June 1935). Head Yokohama Specie Bank 1913-1919. Founding executive of the America-Japan Society in 1917, together with other future ICC members. Governor Bank of Japan March 1919 – September 1923, May 1927 – June 1928. Minister of finance in 1923-1924 and 1929-1931. Founding Japan council member of the Institute of Pacific Relations in 1925, president at some point. January 2019, Journal of Asia-Pacific Studies (Waseda University), Seiko Mimaki, 'Non-Governmental Organizations and Origins of Asia-Pacific Regionalism: The Institute of Pacific Relations (IPR: 1925‒1961)', p. 59: "Accordingly, national councils were founded in each participant country. The Japan Council was es- tablished in 1925, and 55 members were named to it. Many of them were academics and businessmen, who had actively committed to promoting US‒Japan friendly relationships. Among the members there were some prominent figures in each field, such as Eiichi Shibusawa, Junnosuke Inoue from business and financial sectors, Inazo Nitobe a prominent Japanese liberal intellectual, and his disciples from academia (Katagiri 1994; Yamaoka 1994). ... Inoue was gunned down in the extreme right League of Blood Incident on February 9, 1932, followed by Mitsui director-general Dan Takuma on March 5, 1932. The assassinations were carried out by the secret group Ketsumeidan, founded by the self-styled priest Nissho Inoue, an ally of extreme right Sakurakai (the Cherry Blossom Society, a secret group) members as Aikido founder Morihei Ueshiba (his dojo was a meeting place for Sakurakai), Col. Kingoro Hashimoto, Gen. Sadao Araki, Shumei Okawa (the "Japanese Goebbels"), as well as Ikki Kita, described as the "ideological father of Japanese fascism". The Black Dragon Society fits into this mix as well. Feb. 1932, About Japan, p. 6, 'Junnosuke Inouye': "With the assassination of Junnosuke Inouye on February ninth Japan lost an eminent financier, a liberal statesman and an earnest worker in the cause of international conciliation. Mr. Inouye was at all times eager to promote good-will between Japan and the United States and was a pioneer in urging Japanese - American cooperation not alone in financial affairs, but in the solution of problems concerning the Orient. He had wide acquaintance here particularly among financiers, because of the important positions he had held in Japan, having been twice Governor of the Bank of Japan, President of the Yokohama Specie Bank during the European War period, serving from 1913 to 1919, and three times Minister of Finance, first in 1923 when he had to deal with important financial problems that arose after the great earthquake and fire, and again accepting the portfolio of Finance Minister in 1929, serving under two Premiers. 1932 annual issues compilation, The China Weekly Review, p. 131 : "At the same time, Mr. Junnosuke Inouye [1869-1932], while not exactly an adopted son from a legal standpoint, was treated almost as a son by Baron Yataro Iwasaki [1835-1885; likely Yataro's younger brother Baron Yanosuke Iwasaki (1851-1908), Mitsubishi's second president; or Baron Koyata Iwasaki (1879-1945)?], one of the wealthiest men in Japan and connected with the Mitsubishi interests. Mr. Inouye maried a daughter of Baron Iwasaki." 1934 annual issues compilation, China Monthly Review, p. 294: "While Mitsui had been basily engaged in promoting its interests under the aid of the Choshu clan, very conspicuous had been the growing relations between Mitsubishi and the Satsuma military and political clan through a series of marriages. The author has already dealt with the marriage of the daughter of Y. Iwasaki with the son of the late Matsukata. ... Admiral Viscount Saito, a leader of Satsuma, adopted as his heir the fifth son of the late Mr. Toyokawa of Mitsubishi. Marquis Toshitake Okubo, the third son of the late Toshimichi Okubo, who was one of the three most important statesmen of the earlier Meiji, married the daughter of the late Rempei Kondo of Mitsubishi, while his elder brother Viscount Nobuaki Makino, Minister of the Imperial Household Department, has been on close terms with Mitsubishi men through his younger brother. There have been many marriages of convenience ... The late Finance Minister Junnosuke Inouye, a protege of Mitsubishi..." 1958, Harrison M. Holland of George Washington University, 'The Rikken Minseito (Constitutional Democratic Party) of Japan (1927-1940): Its Antecedents, Structure and Operation': "Count Kato, for example, was married to the sister of Baron Iwasaki, the head of the Mitsubishi zaibatsu, and Junnosuke Inouye, the finance minister in the Hamaguchi and Wakatsuki cabinets and a leading Minseito official, was married to the daughter of Baron Iwasaki. Through these intimate connections with the Minseito [founding chair in 1927: Hamaguchi Osachi (favored women voting rights; Great Depression policy to keep yen on gold standard was disastrous, similar to elites forcing this in the U.S.), PM July 1929 - Nov. 1930; March – April 1931; survived an ultraright assassination in Nov. 1930, but died in Aug. 1931 from his wounds; political party; 1930 elections: Minseito: 273 seats with 174 for the Mitsui-controlled Seiyukai;], Mitsubishi was able to obtain favored treatment when the Minseito was in power. In such matters as " "Hara [Takashi: PM 1918 - until assassination in Nov. 1921; moderate; participated in the Paris Peace Conference and the founding of the League of Nations; tried to implement relaxed oppressive policies in Japanese Korea] antificapted that rising tension swith the West would ensure unless Japn's policy direction was curtailed to accomodate Western objections [and] designed for cooperation and peaceful resolutions with the Western nations. Hara was a new type of political leader. Due to his largely liberal outlook, he would be recognized in future history as one of the two political leaders in Japan who represented the ideology of the Taisho Democracy.The other was Hamaguchi Osachi, who became prime minister ten years later." |
Katsutaro, Inabata | Source(s): 1929, ICC Brochure, issue 69-76 compilation, p. 59: "Japan - Members: Dr. Takuma Dan, Raita Fujiyama, Keijiro Hori. Alternates: Katsunaro Inabata, Akira Ishii, Kenjiro Matsumoto." 1862-1949. Received a scholarship to La Martinière technical school in Lyon, France, in 1877. One of his classmates here was Auguste Lumiere, later one of the inventors of the cinematographe. Founded his company Inabata Senryoten (later Inabata & Co., Ltd.) in 1890. Came to focus on dyeing military uniforms. President Osaka Chamber of Commerce and Industry (OCCI) 1922-1934. Member House of Peers. Key founder of the Institut Franco-Japon du Kansai in 1926. The first Japanese to start shooting of films, but handed the business over to Einosuke Yokota, a founder of one of Japan's first film studios. In his 80s by the time World War II broke out. |
Kushida, Manzo | Source(s): 1938 list (vice president of Japan and president national committee) President of Mitsubishi Bank anno 1938. Manager of the Tokyo Club. Died of pneumonia in 1939. 2022, Martin Horn, 'J.P. Morgan & Co. and the Crisis of Capitalism', pp. 290-301: "[Morgan partner Thomas W.] Lamont to Chokyuro Kadono, 24 September 1937... Kadono was the president of the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Tokyo and president of the Japanese-American Trade Council, chairman of Okura & Co., and executive director of the Japan Economic Federation. He had headed a Japanese economic mission to the United States in May and June 1937, meeting Lamont. ... |
Matsumoto, Kenjiro | Source(s): 1929 list (alternate); 1938 list (vice president of Japan and president national committee) Born in 1870. Attended University of Pennsylvania in 1893. Diversified business magnate in coal, steel, cotton-spinning, electrical appliances and other products. President of the Wakamatsu Port Construction Company anno 1921. Chairman of the Federation of Economics Associations. Director of the Coal Control Association and cabinet adviser under Hideki Tojo, the PM of Japan 1941-1944 who was hanged in Dec. 1948. Adviser to the Japan Federation of Employers' Associations. 1943, Foreign Affairs Association of Japan, 'Contemporary Japan: A Review of Japanese Affairs', p. 1034: "As chairman of the Japan Coal Control Council and president of the Japan Coal Company, Kenjiro Matsumoto enjoys the reputation of "the lord of black diamond." In northern Kyushu, particularly in Wakamatsu and Tobata, he has organized various industries success fully. These fourishing concerns, among others, are represented by the Meiji Mining Company, the Meiji Cotton Spinning Company, the Wakamatsu Iron and Steel Company, the Yasukawa Electric Apparatus Company and the Kurosaki Ceramics Company. He is also connected with several business corporations, some of which, dealing in coal and spinning, are located in North China. |
Shibusawa, Viscount Keizo | Source(s): 1955, ICC, 'Tokyo Congress 1955' booklet; 1955, Journal of Finance and Commerce, foreword by Keizo Shibusawa, p. 9: "It seems a safe guess that Keizo Shibusawa's selection as chairman of the 15th Congress of the International Chamber of Commerce, held in Tokyo in mid - May, was not simply because he was a national of the host country or because he was chairman of ICC's Japanese national committee, but largely because his career fitted him for the role."; April 25, 1957, Vol. III, No. 6, Japan Report, p. 11: "Japan will send a sixty-member delegation to the 16th Congress of the International Chamber of Commerce in Naples, Italy, in May. Keizo Shibusawa, Chairman of the Japanese National Committee, will head the delegation." Grandson of Shibusawa Eiichi, who:
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Takahashi, Ryutaro | Source(s): 1936 list (vice president for Japan) President of Japan's Chamber of Commerce and Industry anno 1936. |
Remaining ICC names
Banga, Ajay | Source(s): June 23, 2020, iccwbo.org, 'ICC elects Mastercard CEO Ajay Banga as new Chair'. |
Gupta, Rajat Kumar | Source(s): June 13, 2008, iccwbo.org, 'ICC elects new Chairman and Vice-Chairman'. McKinsey & Company in 1973, head of Scandinavia 1981, head Chicago office 1989, worldwide managing director 1994-2003, partner anno 2008. Director of Goldman Sachs, Procter & Gamble, AMR Corporation, and Qatar Financial Centre anno 2008. Served as the UN Secretary-General’s Special Advisor on UN Reform. |
Fung, Victor | Source(s): June 13, 2008, iccwbo.org, 'ICC elects new Chairman and Vice-Chairman'. |
Koc, Rahmi | Source(s): (president) From Turkey. Bilderberg family. |
1966, Conference Board: "Our regular corps of Foreign Correspondents was enlarged , and now numbers 38 distinguished industrialists in 23 countries . These men generously give us guidance in our ..."